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Changing sea ice conditions and marine transportation activity in Canadian Arctic waters between 1990 and 2012
Declining sea ice area in the Canadian Arctic has gained significant attention with respect to the prospect of increased shipping activities. To investigate relationships between recent declines in sea ice area with Arctic maritime activity, trend and correlation analysis was performed on sea ice area data for total, first-year ice (FYI), and multi-year ice (MYI), and on a comprehensive shipping dataset of observed vessel transits through the Vessel Traffic Reporting Arctic Canada Traffic Zone (NORDREG zone) from 1990 to 2012. Links to surface air temperature (SAT) and the satellite derived melt season length were also investigated. Between 1990 and 2012, statistically significant increases in vessel traffic were observed within the NORDREG zone on monthly and annual time-scales coincident with declines in sea ice area (FYI, MYI, and total ice) during the shipping season and on a monthly basis. Similarly, the NORDREG zone is experiencing increased shoulder season shipping activity, alongside an increasing melt season length and warming surface air temperatures (SAT). Despite these trends, only weak correlations between the variables were identified, although a step increase in shipping activity is apparent following the former summer sea ice extent minimum in 2007. Other non-environmental factors have also likely contributed to the observed increase in Arctic shipping activity within the Canadian Arctic, such as tourism demand, community re-supply needs, and resource exploration trends.
Journal Article
Ship Scheduling and Network Design for Cargo Routing in Liner Shipping
Acommon problem faced by carriers in liner shipping is the design of their service network. Given a set of demands to be transported and a set of ports, a carrier wants to design service routes for its ships as efficiently as possible, using the underlying facilities. Furthermore, the profitability of the service routes designed depends on the paths chosen to ship the cargo. We present an integrated model, a mixed-integer linear program, to solve the ship-scheduling and the cargo-routing problems, simultaneously. The proposed model incorporates relevant constraints, such as the weekly frequency constraint on the operated routes, and emerging trends, such as the transshipment of cargo between two or more service routes. To solve the mixed-integer program, we propose algorithms that exploit the separability of the problem. More specifically, a greedy heuristic, a column generation-based algorithm, and a two-phase Benders decomposition-based algorithm are developed, and their computational efficiency in terms of the solution quality and the computational time taken is discussed. An efficient iterative search algorithm is proposed to generate schedules for ships. Computational experiments are performed on randomly generated instances simulating real life with up to 20 ports and 100 ships. Our results indicate high percentage utilization of ships' capacities and a significant number of transshipments in the final solution.
Journal Article
Review on Sustainable Development Goals in maritime transportation: current research trends, applications, and future research opportunities
United Nations (UN) introduced Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to create comprehensive agenda for achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability in the world. In 2015, the UN released 17 SDGs specifying 169 targets to achieve this important aim. It is vital to adapt these goals to provide a livable environment for the next generations. One of the most important stakeholders in contributing to global sustainability is the maritime industry. This article aimed to connect each of the reviewed papers to the SDGs while also presenting a comprehensive view of SDGs in maritime transportation. Therefore, this paper has novelty to reveal the gaps related to the goals achievement of sustainable development. This study, it was conducted a comprehensive literature review of 67 peer-reviewed studies in the Scopus database regarding the achievement of SDGs in maritime transportation. With this direction, four separate clusters were created by utilizing the VOSviewer software program with a bibliographic coupling method. From this point of view, it was identified scholars’ most recent intentions, applications, and suggestions in the existing literature. Finally, gaps in the current literature revealed, potential theoretical and practical implications suggested, and recommendations to researchers for further studies were given to make contributions for achieving SDGs.
Journal Article
Greening of maritime transportation: a multi-objective optimization approach
This article is motivated by growing concerns related to shipping \\[\\hbox {CO}_{2}\\] and \\[\\hbox {SO}_{\\mathrm{x}}\\] emissions in the hope that ship operators further consider the environmental impacts of their activities when attempting to maximize profit. The article proposes a liner shipping multi-objective optimization (MOO) model based on profit maximization, \\[\\hbox {CO}_{2}\\] emissions minimization, and \\[\\hbox {SO}_{\\mathrm{x}}\\] emissions minimization for which all objective functions are a function of vessel sailing speed. Two demand configurations are considered: elastic and inelastic. The MOO model is solved using three different methods and is applied to two liner services deployed on the trans-Pacific and Europe–Far East markets. A single-objective optimization approach is also proposed in which the monetary value of the emissions is considered in an objective function. The main conclusion of the article is that the sensitivity of demand to transit time is based on the gap between economic and environmental optimal solutions and that policies considering imposing a tax on \\[\\hbox {CO}_{2}\\] or \\[\\hbox {SO}_{\\mathrm{x}}\\] to reduce the negative externalities from international shipping should account for this element.
Journal Article
Maritime Risk and Organizational Learning
Bridging an identified gap between research and practice in the domain of risk and organizational learning with respect to human/organizational factors and organizational behaviour, this book highlights the common and recurring threads in contributory factors to accident causation. Based on an extensive research project, it investigates how shipping companies as organizations learn from, filter and give credence/acceptability to differing risk perceptions and how this influences the work culture with special regard to group/team dynamics and individual motivation. The work is presented in the context of the literature regarding conceptual links between risk and the theoretical and operational themes of organizational learning, and in light of interviewees' comments. The themes include processes and structures of knowledge acquisition, information interpretation and distribution, organizational memory and change/adaptation and also levels of learning. The book concludes by discussing some practical implications of the research carried out in various maritime contexts and gives recommendations for the industry and other stakeholders.
eBook
Determining Role of Human Factors in Maritime Transportation Accidents by Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA)
Safety has been a primary concern in every industry. It includes system, personnel, environmental safety, etc. Maritime transportation safety is of the utmost importance because a lot of economic and environmental damage has been caused by ship-related accidents. The majority of these accidents have resulted from human factors. For the analysis of accidents and future safety, various accident models have been created. In this study, human-based errors are analyzed and quantified by using the fuzzy fault tree analysis, which helps calculate the failure probability of the causes. A real-life case of a chemical tanker Key Bora was studied and analyzed, which happened on 28 March 2020, at Kyleakin Pier, Isle of Skye, Scotland. The ship’s hull was seriously damaged and was flooded. According to the analysis, two main human factors that contributed the most to the occurrence of this accident were found. These incidents can be avoided by ensuring proper measures are followed, and the results can be used as guidelines for future marine accident investigations and safety.
Journal Article
Ship Detection under Low-Visibility Weather Interference via an Ensemble Generative Adversarial Network
Maritime ship detection plays a crucial role in smart ships and intelligent transportation systems. However, adverse maritime weather conditions, such as rain streak and fog, can significantly impair the performance of visual systems for maritime traffic. These factors constrain the performance of traffic monitoring systems and ship-detection algorithms for autonomous ship navigation, affecting maritime safety. The paper proposes an approach to resolve the problem by visually removing rain streaks and fog from images, achieving an integrated framework for accurate ship detection. Firstly, the paper employs an attention generation network within an adversarial neural network to focus on the distorted regions of the degraded images. The paper also utilizes a contextual encoder to infer contextual information within the distorted regions, enhancing the credibility of image restoration. Secondly, a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) is introduced to achieve rapid multi-scale feature fusion, enhancing the accuracy of maritime ship detection. The proposed GYB framework was validated using the SeaShip dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves an average accuracy of 96.3%, a recall of 95.35%, and a harmonic mean of 95.85% in detecting maritime traffic ships under rain-streak and foggy-weather conditions. Moreover, the framework outperforms state-of-the-art ship detection methods in such challenging weather scenarios.
Journal Article
Ship Routing and Scheduling: Status and Perspectives
The objective of this paper is to review the current status of ship routing and scheduling. We focus on literature published during the last decade. Because routing and scheduling problems are closely related to many other fleet planning problems, we have divided this review into several parts. We start at the strategic fleet planning level and discuss the design of fleets and sea transport systems. We continue with the tactical and operational fleet planning level and consider problems that comprise various ship routing and scheduling aspects. Here, we separately discuss the different modes of operations: industrial, tramp, and liner shipping. Finally, we take a glimpse at naval applications and other related problems that do not naturally fall into these categories. The paper also presents some perspectives regarding future developments and use of optimization-based decision-support systems for ship routing and scheduling. Several of the trends indicate both accelerating needs for and benefits from such systems and, hopefully, this paper will stimulate further research in this area.
Journal Article
Leveraging Spatio-Temporal Graphs and Knowledge Graphs: Perspectives in the Field of Maritime Transportation
This paper introduces a prospective study of the potential of spatio-temporal graphs (ST-graphs) and knowledge graphs (K-graphs) for the modelling of geographical phenomena. While the integration of time within GIS has long been a domain of major interest, alternative modelling and data manipulation approaches derived from graph and knowledge-based principles provide many opportunities for many application domains. We first survey graph principles and how they have been applied to GIS and a few representative domains to date. A comprehensive analysis of the principles behind K-graphs, respective data representation and manipulation capabilities is discussed. The perspectives offered by a close integration of ST-graphs and K-graphs are explored. The whole approach is illustrated and discussed in the context of maritime transportation.
Journal Article