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One of the first maps of Mars, published by an Italian astronomer in 1877, with its pattern of canals, fueled belief in intelligent life forms on the distant red planet—a hope that continued into the 1960s. Although the Martian canals have long since been dismissed as a famous error in the history of science, K. Maria D. Lane argues that there was nothing accidental about these early interpretations. Indeed, she argues, the construction of Mars as an incomprehensibly complex and engineered world both reflected and challenged dominant geopolitical themes during a time of major cultural, intellectual, political, and economic transition in the Western world. Geographies of Mars telescopes in on a critical period in the development of the geographical imagination, when European imperialism was at its zenith and American expansionism had begun in earnest. Astronomers working in the new observatories of the American Southwest or in the remote heights of the South American Andes were inspired, Lane finds, by their own physical surroundings and used representations of the Earth’s arid landscapes to establish credibility for their observations of Mars. With this simple shift to the geographer’s point of view, Lane deftly explains some of the most perplexing stances on Mars taken by familiar protagonists such as Percival Lowell, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Lester Frank Ward. A highly original exploration of geography’s spatial dimensions at the beginning of the twentieth century, Geographies of Mars offers a new view of the mapping of far-off worlds.

The study of the fluvial systems present on the Martian surface is a key in the investigation of the paleoclimate of the planet: Various indications suggest that these features could have formed under climatic conditions very different from the present one. For this reason, it seems necessary to update the previous maps of Martian valleys using newer mosaics and data at higher resolution. In this work we present a detailed global map of Martian valleys classified according to their morphology. Our data set includes all the valleys longer than 20 km mapped within the QGIS (Quantum Geographic Information System) software. With respect to previous global maps, the coupling of topographic information with data of higher image quality allowed us a better mapping of these structures at a fine scale: New small valleys and more tributaries for several systems have been observed. We mapped valleys of various typologies for a global total length of 773,559 km. The mapped valley networks cover the 69% of this total length. Moreover, a rough estimation of the valleys' age spatial distribution was performed. We found that the 94% of the mapped valleys have a maximum age consistent with an origin in the Noachian period; the 4% have a Hesperian maximum age, while the remaining 2% have a maximum age consistent with an origin in the Amazonian period. Finally, we also estimated the total eroded volume of the mapped valley networks finding a value in the order of 3 × 1014 m3 in good agreement with what found in literature. Key Points The widespread fluvial structures on Mars are an indication of the ancient presence of liquid water on its surface To further constraint the ancient climate of the planet we updated previous global maps of Martian fluvial structures Age and volume estimations of the mapped valleys were made on the basis of the data obtained

\"Mars Science Laboratory is a robotic space mission to the planet Mars. It consists of a six-wheeled rover called Curiosity. Curiosity is one of the largest rovers ever sent to Mars. It is the size of a small automobile and weighs nearly 1 ton (900 kilograms). Curiosity is about five times as heavy as either of the rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which landed on Mars in 2004. The goal of the Mars Science Laboratory is to determine whether the rover’s landing site ever held certain conditions supportive to living things.\" (World Book Student) Read about the Mars Science Laboratory.

火星是地球的姊妹星，研究火星对了解火星、地球乃至太阳系的演化具有重要意义. 自从1964年美国水手4号发射，首次成功地运用无线电掩星技术探知到火星的环境特征之后，国际上不少的火星任务都开展了掩星实验，取得了重要进展. 本文依据采用了无线电掩星技术进行勘探的火星探测器发射时间顺序展开调研，针对具有开创性的水手系列、火星全球勘测者、火星快车、火星大气挥发演化探测器、天问一号等，梳理分析和总结了各任务的火星无线电掩星方式以及所获取的廓线数量、位置分布、获取方式等产品信息，以及部分相关的研究结果. 本文还分析了当前火星无线电掩星探测方式存在的局限性，并探讨了可能的对策. 火星无线电掩星后续可重点考虑多颗星-星掩星结合星-地掩星方式形成掩星星座；并通过选用适当的信号探测频率、改进反演算法等方式进一步提高掩星质量；火星掩星探测手段还可与火星顶部探测雷达、直接探测等手段相结合，发展火星多源数据融合技术. 随着探测方式的不断改进，无线电掩星探测将是火星探测的重要手段. 未来会有数量越来越多、时间与空间覆盖越来越全面、精度越来越高的掩星数据用于火星的整个空间环境研究，包括大、中尺度乃至小尺度结构的特征与演化规律都将被人类掌握.

The Red Planet has been a subject of fascination for humanity for thousands of years, becoming part of our folklore and popular culture. The most Earthlike of the planets in our solar system, Mars may have harbored some form of life in the past and may still possess an ecosystem in some underground refuge. The mysteries of this fourth planet from our Sun make it of central importance to NASA and its science goals for the twenty-first century. In the wake of the very public failures of theMars Polar Landerand theMars Climate Orbiterin 1999, NASA embarked on a complete reassessment of the Mars Program. Scott Hubbard was asked to lead this restructuring in 2000, becoming known as the \"Mars Czar.\" His team's efforts resulted in a very successful decade-long series of missions--each building on the accomplishments of those before it--that adhered to the science adage \"follow the water\" when debating how to proceed. Hubbard's work created the Mars Odyssey mission, the twin roversSpiritandOpportunity, theMars Reconnaissance Orbiter, thePhoenixmission, and most recently the planned launch of theMars Science Laboratory. Now for the first time Scott Hubbard tells the complete story of how he fashioned this program, describing both the technical and political forces involved and bringing to life the national and international cast of characters engaged in this monumental endeavor. Blending the exciting stories of the missions with the thrills of scientific discovery,Exploring Marswill intrigue anyone interested in the science, the engineering, or the policy of investigating other worlds.

目前世界多国掀起了第二次深空探测热潮. 火星是人类重点关注甚至有移民愿望的行星. 美国2018年发射了“洞察”号前往火星探测其内部结构，其科学目标是理解火星形成和演化过程. 洞察号搭载了三套科学设备，其中火星地震仪是最为成功的，并取得了若干的研究进展. 本文首先阐述火星地震学与内部结构研究进展，包括火星地震事件的识别过程、火星内部结构认识等. 然后介绍美国Insight计划实施过程中地震学相关的科学家团队、科学装备以及科学软件平台建设及相应的组织形式，并讨论其对我国开展火星内部结构探测的启示及发展建议.

Phenomenal new observations from Earth-based telescopes and Mars-based orbiters, landers, and rovers have dramatically advanced our understanding of the past environments on Mars. These include the first global-scale infrared and reflectance spectroscopic maps of the surface, leading to the discovery of key minerals indicative of specific past climate conditions; the discovery of large reservoirs of subsurface water ice; and the detailed in situ roving investigations of three new landing sites. This an important, new overview of the compositional and mineralogic properties of Mars since the last major study published in 1992. An exciting resource for all researchers and students in planetary science, astronomy, space exploration, planetary geology, and planetary geochemistry where specialized terms are explained to be easily understood by all who are just entering the field.

Our knowledge of Mars has grown enormously over the last decade as a result of the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the two Mars Rover missions. This book is a systematic summary of what we have learnt about the geological evolution of Mars as a result of these missions. It describes the diverse Martian surface features and summarizes current ideas as to how, when, and under what conditions they formed, and explores how Earth and Mars differ and why the two planets evolved so differently. The author also discusses possible implications of the geologic history for the origin and survival of indigenous Martian life. Up-to-date and highly illustrated, this book will be a principal reference for researchers and graduate students in planetary science. The comprehensive list of references will also assist readers in pursuing further information on the subject. Colour images can be found at www.cambridge.org/9780521872010.

The launch of Tianwen 1 marks the brand-new stage of the deep space exploration of China, which calls for the foundation of planetary science education in China. In planetary science, the ionosphere is considered to be the region of an atmosphere where a significant number of free thermal electrons and ions exist. These electrons and ions are produced via ionization of the neutral particles both by extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and by collisions with energetic particles that penetrate the atmosphere. The planetary ionosphere, where the matters and energies outside the planet exchanges with the planet itself, is extremely important to the planetary upper atmosphere and the surface environment. In this study, we briefly review the studies of Venusian and Martian ionospheres based on the measurements starting from last century to provide the basis for comparative studies on planetary ionospheres.