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Masculinity research and global change
The development of research on masculinity since the 1980s hasproduced rich evidence of the diversity of masculinities. This is now anestablished research field and has had many practical applications. Ithas not yet fully absorbed the wealth of ideas and debates aboutmasculinities and social change that come from the colonized and postcolonial world. Power has always been an important issue in understanding masculinities, and we now need to think about powerstructures on a world scale. Research on neoliberal globalization, onHIV/AIDS, and on elite masculinities, are significant sites for this work.The concept of hegemonic masculinity is still useful, but it should notbe equated with violence. We need to pay attention to incoherences in gender relations, and the politics of gendered institutions, in thinkingabout inequality and change.
Journal Article
What’s Hegemonic about Hegemonic Masculinity? Legitimation and Beyond
Raewyn Connell’s theoretical concept of hegemonic masculinity has been profoundly influential in feminist sociology. Despite the rich literature inspired by her theory, conceptual ambiguities have compromised its full potential. In this article, I critique a pessimistic tendency in the interpretation and application of hegemonic masculinity, which focuses on its regressive role in reproducing/legitimating heteronormative patriarchy while overlooking its progressive potential. I propose that revisiting Antonio Gramsci’s theorization of hegemony can help us understand hegemonic masculinity by its mechanism of domination—force accompanied by consent—rather than via certain pregiven masculine qualities. This reformulation of hegemonic masculinity not only pushes us to maintain a relational understanding of masculinities in empirical research, but also brings attention to Connell’s vision for social change.
Journal Article
The coldest crucible
In the late 1800s, “Arctic Fever” swept across the nation as dozens of American expeditions sailed north to the Arctic to find a sea route to Asia and, ultimately, to stand at the North Pole. Few of these missions were successful, and many men lost their lives en route. Yet failure did little to dampen the enthusiasm of new explorers or the crowds at home that cheered them on. Arctic exploration, Michael F. Robinson argues, was an activity that unfolded in America as much as it did in the wintry hinterland. Paying particular attention to the perils facing explorers at home, The Coldest Crucible examines their struggles to build support for the expeditions before departure, defend their claims upon their return, and cast themselves as men worthy of the nation’s full attention. In so doing, this book paints a new portrait of polar voyagers, one that removes them from the icy backdrop of the Arctic and sets them within the tempests of American cultural life. With chronological chapters featuring emblematic Arctic explorers—including Elisha Kent Kane, Charles Hall, and Robert Peary—The Coldest Crucible reveals why the North Pole, a region so geographically removed from Americans, became an iconic destination for discovery.
eBook
Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana
Background
In order to reduce women’s exposure to violence and develop culturally appropriate interventions, it is important to gain an understanding of how men who use violence rationalize it. The present study sought to explore the perspectives of men who had used violence on their female partners, specifically their views on intimate partner violence (IPV), gender norms, manhood, their gender attitudes and to understand how these may drive male perpetrated IPV against women in the Central Region of Ghana.
Methods
This was a qualitative study involving purposively sampled adult men who had participated in a household-based survey in selected districts in the Central Region of Ghana and who had self-reported perpetration of IPV in the past 12 months. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 men.
Results
Data revealed how a range of social, cultural, and religious factors ̶ stemming from patriarchy ̶ combined to inform the construction of a traditional masculinity. These factors included the notion that decision-making in the home is a man’s prerogative, there should be rigid and distinct gender roles, men’s perceptions of owning female partners and having the right to have sex with them whenever they desire, and the notion that wife beating is legitimate discipline. Findings suggest that it was through performing, or aspiring to achieve, this form of masculinity that men used varying forms of violence against their female partners. Moreover, data show that the men’s use of violence was a tactic for controlling women and emphasizing their authority and power over them.
Conclusions
Developers of interventions to prevent IPV need to recognize that there is a coherent configuration of aspirations, social norms and behaviours that is drawn on by some men to justify their use of IPV. Understanding the perspectives of men who have perpetrated IPV against women and their motivations for perpetration is essential for interventions to prevent IPV. This is discussed as drawing authority from ‘tradition’ and so engaging traditional and religious leaders, as well as men and women throughout the community, in activities to challenge this is likely to be particularly fruitful.
Journal Article
The Role of Espoused National Cultural Values in Technology Acceptance
Prior research has examined age, gender, experience, and voluntariness as the main moderators of beliefs on technology acceptance. This paper extends this line of research beyond these demographic and situational variables. Motivated by research that suggests that behavioral models do not universally hold across cultures, the paper identifies espoused national cultural values as an important set of individual difference moderators in technology acceptance. Building on research in psychological anthropology and cultural psychology that assesses cultural traits by personality tests at the individual level of analysis, we argue that individuals espouse national cultural values to differing degrees. These espoused national cultural values of masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance are incorporated into an extended model of technology acceptance as moderators. We conducted two studies to test our model. Results indicated that, as hypothesized, social norms are stronger determinants of intended behavior for individuals who espouse feminine and high uncertainty avoidance cultural values. Contrary to expectations, espoused masculinity/femininity values did not moderate the relationship between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention but, as expected, did moderate the relationship between perceived ease of use and behavioral intention.
Journal Article
A meta-analysis of the quantitative studies in continuance intention to use an information system
PurposeThis study aims to describe, synthesise and clarify the findings of published studies on individual continuance intention to use an information system (IS), considering the fact that the number of studies in the continuance intention context are growing exponentially and cover several different subjects.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses meta- and weight analysis by taking 115 empirical studies from continuance intention to use an IS. The data are presented in different views using significant and non-significant relationships from all the studies. Furthermore, it uses hierarchical linear meta-analysis to analyse potential moderators that can influence continuance intention.FindingsThe results reveal that affective commitment, attitude, satisfaction, hedonic value and flow are the best predictors of continuance intention to use an IS. Sample size, individualism, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation moderate the relationship of perceived usefulness on continuance intention. Power distance, masculinity and indulgence moderate relationship satisfaction on continuance intention.Practical implicationsThe results reveal that continuance intention to use an IS has been studied in different countries, with different cultures; therefore, IS providers should have diversified managing strategies, to ensure the satisfaction of users and long-term usage of their IS.Originality/valueThe study provides a systematic overview of the most relevant variables used in the literature, including a temporal analysis of the theoretical models, highlighting the evolution of the constructs and presents a moderation analysis.
Journal Article
“A Short Story of a Lonely Guy”: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Involuntary Celibacy Using Reddit
Scant research exists on those who classify as involuntarily celibate. Research in the past has focused on groups such as people celibate in marriage, those with chronic disease or illness, and the elderly. However, the recent media attention given to involuntary celibate males, or “incels,” and their role in violence against women has gained national attention. Research on involuntary celibates has found a new group of individuals emerging who have a strong desire for a sexual connection and are disturbed by the lack of interpersonal sexuality in their lives. With the gap in literature surrounding the perceptions of this new group of “incels”, and their relationship to violence against women, the goal of this research was to use the “r/Braincels” Subreddit to answer the research question “what are the shared experiences, sentiments, and expressions of people who self-define as incels?” This study followed thematic content analysis methodological guidelines designed for obtaining data from Reddit and identifying specific extraction criteria. Themes identified and discussed include a constructed trope of women, the patriarchally-informed male ideal, hypocritical approaches to gender, and the incel identity. Implications include the need for increased education regarding healthy relationships in schools, creation of incel-specific group therapy, and more research to identify red flags regarding incel identity and its relationship to violent acts.
Journal Article
Tools, strategies and a qualitative approach for revealing the emotions in unemployed men
Abstract This work offers an analysis of the quality and consistency of an interview guide created to study the emotions in unemployed men, as well as the method for the implementation of this instrument. Our objective is to reveal how researchers from two research groups at two universities in Mexico and Colombia applied and tested a semistructured interview guide with a biographical approach to reveal the emotions in a group of unemployed men. Their methodology involved the application and evaluation of this tool and was followed in (N = 7 in Colombia + N = 14 in Mexico) interviews with unemployed men in two Latin American cities - Bogotá, Colombia and Guadalajara, Mexico - by two research groups. This application has allowed us to verify the consistency of the tool and its applicability during relevant research. Our results thus demonstrate the suitability and credibility of this methodological proposal and interview guide based on their testing and verification in interdisciplinary and interinstitutional contexts. Resumen Este trabajo se centró en el análisis respecto a la calidad y consistencia de una guía de entrevista, creada para estudiar las emociones en varones sin empleo, así como el método para la implementación de este instrumento. El objetivo fue develar cómo investigadores de dos grupos de investigación de dos universidades de México y Colombia aplicaron y probaron el uso de una entrevista semiestructurada con enfoque biográfico para develar emociones en un grupo de varones desempleados. El método involucró la aplicación y evaluación de la herramienta. La metodología se siguió en (N = 7 en Colombia + N = 14 en México) entrevistas con hombres sin empleo en dos ciudades latinoamericanas: Bogotá, Colombia y Guadalajara, México, por dos grupos de investigación, lo que permitió verificar la consistencia de la herramienta y la aplicabilidad durante el proceso investigativo. Los resultados indican la idoneidad y credibilidad de esta propuesta metodológica y guía de entrevista, probada y constatada en términos interdisciplinarios e interinstitucionales.
Journal Article
Preventing online radicalization and extremism in boys: A conversation with Pasha Dashtgard
Online extremism is on the rise, with boys and young men being targeted by misogynistic social media influencers like Andrew Tate. When boys repeat comments they’ve heard online in the classroom, educators can play a role in preventing students from being further influenced by online extremism. Pasha Dashtgard, the director of research at American University’s Polarization & Extremism Research & Innovation Lab (PERIL), talks to Phi Delta Kappan about the importance of prevention, the harms of toxic masculinity, and the crucial role of teachers and other educators.
Journal Article