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Correction: Optimized Probe Masking for Comparative Transcriptomics of Closely Related Species
Please see the corrected Table 1 here: thumbnail Download: * PPT PowerPoint slide * PNG larger image * TIFF original image Figures Citation: Poeschl Y, Delker C, Trenner J, Ullrich KK, Quint M, Grosse I (2014) Correction: Optimized Probe Masking for Comparative Transcriptomics of Closely Related Species.
PLoS ONE 9(1): 10.1371/annotation/a5a47872-2b0d-42bb-b24c-e312bb417e5e. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/a5a47872-2b0d-42bb-b24c-e312bb417e5e
Journal Article
Unmasking autism : discovering the new faces of neurodiversity
\"A deep dive into the spectrum of Autistic experience and the phenomenon of masked Autism, giving individuals the tools to safely uncover their true selves while broadening society's narrow understanding of neurodiversity\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Behind the mask(ing): how frogs cope with noise
Albert Feng was a pioneer in the field of auditory neuroethology who used frogs to investigate the neural basis of spectral and temporal processing and directional hearing. Among his many contributions was connecting neural mechanisms for sound pattern recognition and localization to the problems of auditory masking that frogs encounter when communicating in noisy, real-world environments. Feng’s neurophysiological studies of auditory processing foreshadowed and inspired subsequent behavioral investigations of auditory masking in frogs. For frogs, vocal communication frequently occurs in breeding choruses, where males form dense aggregations and produce loud species-specific advertisement calls to attract potential mates and repel competitive rivals. In this review, we aim to highlight how Feng’s research advanced our understanding of how frogs cope with noise. We structure our narrative around three themes woven throughout Feng’s research—spectral, temporal, and directional processing—to illustrate how frogs can mitigate problems of auditory masking by exploiting frequency separation between signals and noise, temporal fluctuations in noise amplitude, and spatial separation between signals and noise. We conclude by proposing future research that would build on Feng’s considerable legacy to advance our understanding of hearing and sound communication in frogs and other vertebrates.
Journal Article
Mechanisms of auditory masking in marine mammals
Anthropogenic noise is an increasing threat to marine mammals that rely on sound for communication, navigation, detecting prey and predators, and finding mates. Auditory masking is one consequence of anthropogenic noise, the study of which is approached from multiple disciplines including field investigations of animal behavior, noise characterization from in-situ recordings, computational modeling of communication space, and hearing experiments conducted in the laboratory. This paper focuses on laboratory hearing experiments applying psychophysical methods, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that govern auditory masking. Topics include tone detection in simple, complex, and natural noise; mechanisms for comodulation masking release and other forms of release from masking; the role of temporal resolution in auditory masking; and energetic vs informational masking.
Journal Article
Metacontrast masking of symmetric stimuli
This study investigated whether symmetry perception is vulnerable to metacontrast masking and whether such masking selectively disrupts feedback-dependent visual processes. Across four experiments, we employed a metacontrast paradigm with briefly presented targets (20 ms) followed by masks at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), manipulating both target–mask configuration and task demands. All experiments produced the classic U-shaped accuracy-by-SOA curve associated with Type B masking, where performance is lowest at intermediate SOAs. Critically, performance at 0 ms SOA varied depending on the perceptual compatibility of the stimuli. In Experiments 1 and 2, the target and mask were spatially complementary and could be perceptually grouped into a unified figure. Under these conditions, performance at 0 ms SOA exceeded the no-mask baseline, reflecting facilitation due to perceptual integration. In contrast, in Experiments 3 and 4—where the stimuli and mask had no complementary shape and could not be integrated into a coherent object—performance at 0 ms SOA was slightly suppressed, indicating that integration failed to occur. These findings suggest that facilitation at short SOAs depends on the rapid formation of a coherent perceptual object, whereas symmetry detection—requiring temporally extended, feedback-supported integration—is more susceptible to early interruption by masking. Together, these results support both dual-channel and recurrent models of visual masking. Type B suppression reflects interactions between fast feedforward and slower feedback signals, while the presence or absence of early facilitation serves as an index of perceptual organization. These findings underscore how stimulus structure and task context affect the temporal dynamics of shape perception.
Journal Article
The cocktail-party problem revisited: early processing and selection of multi-talker speech
How do we recognize what one person is saying when others are speaking at the same time? This review summarizes widespread research in psychoacoustics, auditory scene analysis, and attention, all dealing with early processing and selection of speech, which has been stimulated by this question. Important effects occurring at the peripheral and brainstem levels are mutual masking of sounds and “unmasking” resulting from binaural listening. Psychoacoustic models have been developed that can predict these effects accurately, albeit using computational approaches rather than approximations of neural processing. Grouping—the segregation and streaming of sounds—represents a subsequent processing stage that interacts closely with attention. Sounds can be easily grouped—and subsequently selected—using primitive features such as spatial location and fundamental frequency. More complex processing is required when lexical, syntactic, or semantic information is used. Whereas it is now clear that such processing can take place preattentively, there also is evidence that the processing depth depends on the task-relevancy of the sound. This is consistent with the presence of a feedback loop in attentional control, triggering enhancement of to-be-selected input. Despite recent progress, there are still many unresolved issues: there is a need for integrative models that are neurophysiologically plausible, for research into grouping based on other than spatial or voice-related cues, for studies explicitly addressing endogenous and exogenous attention, for an explanation of the remarkable sluggishness of attention focused on dynamically changing sounds, and for research elucidating the distinction between binaural speech perception and sound localization.
Journal Article
Investigating the influence of masker and target properties on the dynamics of perceptual awareness under informational masking
Informational masking has been investigated using the detection of an auditory target embedded in a random multi-tone masker. The build-up of the target percept is influenced by the masker and target properties. Most studies dealing with discrimination performance neglect the dynamics of perceptual awareness. This study aims at investigating the dynamics of perceptual awareness using multi-level survival models in an informational masking paradigm by manipulating masker uncertainty, masker-target similarity and target repetition rate. Consistent with previous studies, it shows that high target repetition rates, low masker-target similarity and low masker uncertainty facilitate target detection. In the context of evidence accumulation models, these results can be interpreted by changes in the accumulation parameters. The probabilistic description of perceptual awareness provides a benchmark for the choice of target and masker parameters in order to examine the underlying cognitive and neural dynamics of perceptual awareness.
Journal Article
An Overview of Taste-Masking Technologies: Approaches, Application, and Assessment Methods
It is well-known that plenty of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) inherently possess an unpleasant taste, which influences the acceptance of patients, especially children. Therefore, manufacturing taste-masked dosage forms has attracted a lot of attention. This review describes in detail the taste-masking technologies based on the difference in the taste transmission mechanism which is currently available. In particular, the review highlights the application of various methods, with a special focus on how to screen the appropriate masking technology according to the properties of API. Subsequently, we overviewed how to assess taste-masking efficacy, guiding researchers to rationally design taste-masking formulations.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Can visual capture of sound separate auditory streams?
In noisy contexts, sound discrimination improves when the auditory sources are separated in space. This phenomenon, named Spatial Release from Masking (SRM), arises from the interaction between the auditory information reaching the ear and spatial attention resources. To examine the relative contribution of these two factors, we exploited an audio-visual illusion in a hearing-in-noise task to create conditions in which the initial stimulation to the ears is held constant, while the perceived separation between speech and masker is changed illusorily (visual capture of sound). In two experiments, we asked participants to identify a string of five digits pronounced by a female voice, embedded in either energetic (Experiment 1) or informational (Experiment 2) noise, before reporting the perceived location of the heard digits. Critically, the distance between target digits and masking noise was manipulated both physically (from 22.5 to 75.0 degrees) and illusorily, by pairing target sounds with visual stimuli either at same (audio-visual congruent) or different positions (15 degrees offset, leftward or rightward: audio-visual incongruent). The proportion of correctly reported digits increased with the physical separation between the target and masker, as expected from SRM. However, despite effective visual capture of sounds, performance was not modulated by illusory changes of target sound position. Our results are compatible with a limited role of central factors in the SRM phenomenon, at least in our experimental setting. Moreover, they add to the controversial literature on the limited effects of audio-visual capture in auditory stream separation.
Journal Article