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"Materials -- Deterioration"
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Environmental degradation of advanced and traditional engineering materials
\"From metals and polymers to ceramics, natural materials, and composites, this book covers the environmental impacts on a broad range of materials used for the engineering of infrastructure, buildings, machines, and components all of which experience some form of degradation. The text discusses fundamental degradation processes and presents examples of degradation under various environmental conditions. It gives the fundamental principles for each class of material, followed by detailed characteristics of degradation for specific alloys of compositions, guidelines on how to protect against degradation, and a description of testing procedures\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Reactions and mechanisms in thermal analysis of advanced materials
Strong bonds form stronger materials. For this reason, the investigation on thermal degradation of materials is a significantly important area in research and development activities. The analysis of thermal stability can be used to assess the behavior of materials in the aggressive environmental conditions, which in turn provides valuable information about the service life span of the materiel.
Unlike other books published so far that have focused on either the fundamentals of thermal analysis or the degradation pattern of the materials, this book is specifically on the mechanism of degradation of materials.
The mechanism of rapturing of chemical bonds as a result of exposure to high-temperature environment is difficult to study and resulting mechanistic pathway hard to establish. Limited information is available on this subject in the published literatures and difficult to excavate.
Chapters in this book are contributed by the experts working on thermal degradation and analysis of the wide variety of advanced and traditional materials. Each chapter discusses the material, its possible application, behavior of chemical entities when exposed to high-temperature environment and mode and the mechanistic route of its decomposition. Such information is crucial while selecting the chemical ingredients during the synthesis or development of new materials technology.
eBook
Advances in Materials Science
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on Advances in Materials (ICAM 2014), December 13-14, 2014, Shanghai, China.
eBook
Research Agenda for Test Methods and Models to Simulate the Accelerated Aging of Infrastructure Materials
In the next several decades, a significant percentage of the country's transportation, communications, environmental, and power system infrastructures, as well as public buildings and facilities, will have to be renewed or replaced. Next-generation infrastructure will have to meet very high expectations in terms of durability, constructability, performance, and life-cycle cost. One way of meeting future expectations will be through improved, high-performance materials, but before new materials can be confidently deployed in the field, a thorough and comprehensive understanding must be developed of their long-term performance in a variety of applications and physical environments. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has launched an initiative to promote the development of innovative short-term laboratory or in-situ tests for making accurate, reliable predictions of the long-term performance of materials and requested that the National Research Council (NRC) conduct a workshop as a reconnaissance-level assessment of models and methods that are being used, or potentially could be used, to determine the long-term performance of infrastructure materials and components.
eBook
Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials (2nd Edition)
Nothing stays the same for ever. The environmental degradation and corrosion of materials is inevitable and affects most aspects of life. In industrial settings, this inescapable fact has very significant financial, safety and environmental implications. This book explains how to measure, analyse, and control environmental degradation for a wide range of industrial materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, wood and textiles exposed to environmental factors such as weather, seawater, and fire.Divided into sections which deal with analysis, types of degradation, protection and surface engineering respectively, the reader is introduced to the wide variety of environmental effects and what can be done to control them. The expert contributors to this book provide a wealth of insider knowledge and engineering knowhow, complementing their explanations and advice with Case Studies from areas such as pipelines, tankers, packaging and chemical processing equipment ensures that the reader understands the practical measures that can be put in place to save money, lives and the environment.
This Handbook's broad scope introduces the reader to the effects of environmental degradation on a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, concrete, wood and textiles
For each type of material, the book describes the kind of degradation that effects it and how best to protect it
Case Studies show how organizations from small consulting firms to corporate giants design and manufacture products that are more resistant to environmental effects
eBook
Deterioration of Mechanical Properties of Rockfill Materials Subjected to Cyclic Wetting–Drying and Wetting
The deterioration of rockfill materials caused by different factors harms the safety and workability of rockfill dams. This has been confirmed by the increase in dam deformation resulting from initial impoundment and water level fluctuation during operation. However, the deterioration process and mechanism for rockfill materials subjected to different weathering conditions lack systematic comparison. In this study, we conduct a series of oedometer tests on rockfill materials that have undergone different wetting–drying cycles and wetting duration. The deterioration in mechanical properties as manifested by the decrease of yield stress and increase of compressibility varies nonlinearly with wetting–drying cycles and wetting duration. The degree of deterioration for rockfill samples subjected to cyclic wetting–dying is more significant than exposed to wetting alone. The relative breakage index and fractal dimension of rockfill samples subjected to cyclic wetting–drying are larger than that exposed to wetting alone, indicating more particle breakage occurred in former conditions. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy analysis and mineral composition content test are performed to investigate the deterioration mechanism of rockfill grains induced by two weathering conditions. The chemical reactions in the wetting process and the crystallization-induced stress in subsequent drying process cause the expansion of micro-cracks and the microstructural changes.HighlightsExtensive laboratory tests are carried out to compare the deterioration of rockfill materials subjected to cyclic wetting–drying and continuous wetting.Deterioration of rockfill materials exposed to cyclic wetting–drying is much more evident than subjected to the same duration of continuous wetting.The soluble minerals and crystallization-induced stress in subsequent dying cause the expansion of flaws and micro-cracks.
Journal Article
The physics of degradation in engineered materials and devices
Degradation is apparent in all things and is fundamental to manufactured as well as natural objects. It is often described by the second law of thermodynamics where entropy, a measure of disorder, tends to increase with time in a closed system. Things age! This concise reference work brings together experts and key players engaged in the physics of degradation to present the background science, current thinking and developments in understanding, and give a detailed account of emerging issues across a selection of engineering applications. The work has been put together to equip the upper level undergraduate student, postgraduate student as well as the professional engineer and scientist in the importance of physics of degradation. The aim of the work is to bridge the gap between published textbooks on the fundamental science of degradation phenomena and published research on the engineering science of actual fabricated materials and devices. A history of the observation and understanding of physics of degradation is presented. The fundamentals and principles of thermodynamics and entropy are extensively discussed. This is the focus of this work with an extended chapter by Alec Feinberg on equilibrium thermodynamic damage and non-equilibrium thermodynamic damage. The work concludes with two particular technologies to give examples of areas of application.
eBook
Intelligent assessment system of material deterioration in masonry tower based on improved image segmentation model
Accurate and timely data collection of material deterioration on the surfaces of architectural heritage is crucial for effective conservation and restoration. Traditional methods rely heavily on extensive field surveys and manual feature identification, which are significantly affected by objective conditions and subjective factors. While machine vision-based methods can help address these issues, the accuracy, intelligence, and systematic nature of material deterioration assessment for large-scale masonry towers with complex geometries still require significant improvement. This research focuses on the architectural heritage of masonry towers and proposes an intelligent assessment system that integrates an improved YOLOv8-seg machine vision image segmentation model with refined 3D reconstruction technology. By optimizing the YOLOv8-seg model, the system enhances the extraction capabilities of both detailed and global features of material deterioration in masonry towers. Furthermore, by complementing it with image processing methods for the global visualization of large-scale objects, this research constructs a comprehensive intelligent assessment process that includes \"deterioration feature extraction—global visualization—quantitative and qualitative comprehensive assessment.\" Experimental results demonstrate that the intelligent assessment system significantly improves the performance of target feature extraction for material deterioration in masonry towers compared to existing methods. The improved model shows improvements of 3.39% and 4.55% in the key performance metrics of mAP50 and mAP50-95, respectively, over the baseline model. Additionally, the efficiency of global feature extraction and visualization of material deterioration increased by 66.36%, with an average recognition accuracy of 95.78%. Consequently, this system effectively overcomes the limitations and subjective influences of field surveys, enhancing the objectivity and efficiency of identifying and analyzing material deterioration in masonry towers, and providing invaluable data support for the subsequent preservation and restoration efforts.
Journal Article
Change in Acoustic Parameters of Electric Guitar Strings Under Dynamic Loading
The aim of our work was to investigate how electric guitar strings wear out. There are many myths about string wear. We decided to investigate what the wear process looks like in real life. In our work, sound processing methods such as DTFT and spectrogram were used. However, the most important research method is the use of time-frequency analysis to study the sound of the string and its wear process. Another key method used in our work is the application of a phenomenon known from psychoacoustics, pitch. In our work, we have been able to show that the use of pitch in combination with time-frequency analysis makes it possible to demonstrate string wear. This was not achievable for previously known methods. We have also shown that the string yield limit is exceeded immediately when the strings are placed on the guitar neck. This affects the sound equation of the string. In this work, we have proposed a transformation of the classical string equation so that it correctly describes the sound of the string as it is worn. The research method we have developed, combining pitch and time-frequency analysis, could presumably be used in the future to study the wear and tear of other vibrating systems, such as bridges and viaducts.
Journal Article
The effects of air pollution on the built environment
Air pollution damages materials, but it has changed dramatically in the past century, with a reduction in the concentration of corrosive primary pollutants in urban atmospheres. At the same time, architectural styles and types of materials have changed, as we have moved to more organically rich, photochemically active atmospheres.Contemporary air pollutants have the potential to degrade organic coatings and polymers, which are of great importance to modern structures, while increasing amounts of fine diesel soot spoil the simple lines and smooth areas characteristic of many modern buildings.This book examines a range of materials, discussing the ways in which they are likely to be damaged by air pollutants. It should be of interest to scientists and policymakers dealing with the effects of urban air pollution.
eBook