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Composition and phase engineering of metal chalcogenides and phosphorous chalcogenides
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with multiphase, multielement crystals such as transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) (based on V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pt and Pd) and transition metal phosphorous chalcogenides (TMPCs) offer a unique platform to explore novel physical phenomena. However, the synthesis of a single-phase/single-composition crystal of these 2D materials via chemical vapour deposition is still challenging. Here we unravel a competitive-chemical-reaction-based growth mechanism to manipulate the nucleation and growth rate. Based on the growth mechanism, 67 types of TMCs and TMPCs with a defined phase, controllable structure and tunable component can be realized. The ferromagnetism and superconductivity in FeXy can be tuned by the y value, such as superconductivity observed in FeX and ferromagnetism in FeS2 monolayers, demonstrating the high quality of as-grown 2D materials. This work paves the way for the multidisciplinary exploration of 2D TMPCs and TMCs with unique properties.A competitive-chemical-reaction-based growth mechanism by controlling the kinetic parameters can easily realize the growth of transition metal chalcogenides and transition metal phosphorous chalcogenides with different compositions and phases.
Journal Article
Engineering materials : properties and selection
Encompassing all significant material systems-metals, ceramics, plastics, and composites, this text incorporates the most up-to-date information on material usage and availability, addresses the increasingly global nature of the field, and reflects the suggestions of numerous adopters of previous editions.
Book
Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
Journal Article
Composites science, technology, and engineering
\"Understand critical principles of composites, such as design of durable structures, choice of fibre, matrix, manufacturing process and mechanics with this interdisciplinary text. Features up-to-date coverage of hybrids of fibres and particles and explanation of failure criteria. Includes a comprehensive discussion on choice of fibres, matrices, manufacturing technology and micromechanics for durable composite structures. Provides the structure and properties of reinforcing fibres, particulates and matrices together with a discussion of fracture mechanics. This is an essential guide for scientists and engineers wishing to discover the benefits of composite materials for designing strong and durable structures\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The ferroelectric photo ground state of SrTiO3: Cavity materials engineering
SignificanceControlling collective phenomena in quantum materials is a promising route toward engineering material properties on demand. Strong THz lasers have been successful at inducing ferroelectricity in SrTiO3. Here we demonstrate, from atomistic calculations, that cavity quantum vacuum fluctuations induce a change in the collective phase of SrTiO3 in the strong light–matter coupling regime. Under these conditions, the ferroelectric phase is stabilized as the ground state, instead of the quantum paraelectric one. We conceptualize this light–matter hybrid state as a material photo ground state: Fundamental properties such as crystal structure, phonon frequencies, and the collective phase of a material are determined by the quantum light–matter coupling in equilibrium conditions. Cavity-coupling adds a new dimension to the phase diagram of SrTiO3.
Optical cavities confine light on a small region in space, which can result in a strong coupling of light with materials inside the cavity. This gives rise to new states where quantum fluctuations of light and matter can alter the properties of the material altogether. Here we demonstrate, based on first-principles calculations, that such light–matter coupling induces a change of the collective phase from quantum paraelectric to ferroelectric in the SrTiO3 ground state, which has thus far only been achieved in out-of-equilibrium strongly excited conditions [X. Li et al., Science 364, 1079–1082 (2019) and T. F. Nova, A. S. Disa, M. Fechner, A. Cavalleri, Science 364, 1075–1079 (2019)]. This is a light–matter hybrid ground state which can only exist because of the coupling to the vacuum fluctuations of light, a photo ground state. The phase transition is accompanied by changes in the crystal structure, showing that fundamental ground state properties of materials can be controlled via strong light–matter coupling. Such a control of quantum states enables the tailoring of materials properties or even the design of novel materials purely by exposing them to confined light.
Journal Article
Scaling of structural strength
This book is concerned with a leading-edge topic of great interest and importance, exemplifying the relationship between experimental research, material modeling, structural analysis and design. It focuses on the effect of structure size on structural strength and failure behaviour. Bazant's theory has found wide application to all quasibrittle materials, including rocks, ice, modern fiber composites and tough ceramics. The topic of energetic scaling, considered controversial until recently, is finally getting the attention it deserves, mainly as a result of Bazant's pioneering work. In this new edition an extra section of data and new appendices covering twelve new application developments are included. * The first book to show the 'size effect' theory of structure size on strength* Presents the principles and applications of Bazant's pioneering work on structural strength * Revised edition with new material on topics including asymptotic matching, flexural strength of fiber-composite laminates, polymeric foam fractures and the design of reinforced concrete beams
eBook
Environmental degradation of advanced and traditional engineering materials
\"From metals and polymers to ceramics, natural materials, and composites, this book covers the environmental impacts on a broad range of materials used for the engineering of infrastructure, buildings, machines, and components all of which experience some form of degradation. The text discusses fundamental degradation processes and presents examples of degradation under various environmental conditions. It gives the fundamental principles for each class of material, followed by detailed characteristics of degradation for specific alloys of compositions, guidelines on how to protect against degradation, and a description of testing procedures\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evolution of Model-Based Materials Definitions
Design, development, and manufacture of materials and components are inextricably linked to the methods to define the material and how it will be applied to component design and production, qualification, and certification. The available means of defining engineered materials within materials, process, and structures engineering have significantly changed over the past several decades with the development and application of computational materials modeling tools. Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) has offered the promise of further alignment and concurrency of materials engineering with product design and structural analysis. Many success stories from ICME initiatives have focused on materials discovery and development; yet, true integration of materials engineering with other engineering disciplines has continued to be largely elusive. Focus on the methods of how materials are defined, communicated, deployed, and controlled has shown a significant opportunity for the goal of more complete integration of materials engineering. Material definitions have been taken for granted and underestimated as a pivotal component of ICME. Traditional, empirical, and static material definitions are evolving to make way for model-based material definitions (MBMDs) that can include evolution of spatiotemporal behavior. Here, we review recent changes in the way; materials are being defined, propose a definition of an MBMD, and describe how MBMDs are becoming formalized and utilized. Specific infrastructural capabilities that are enabling this evolution and future opportunities will also be discussed.
Journal Article