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Matter and materials
Introduction to the concept of matter, including states of matter; volume and mass; and atoms, electrons, and protons. Explains microscopic properties of matter and the periodic table of elements.
Book
Neurotoxicity in breast cancer survivors ≥10 years post-treatment is dependent on treatment type
Adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) for breast cancer (BC) is associated with very late side-effects on brain function and structure. However, little is known about neurotoxicity of specific treatment regimens. To compare neurotoxicity profiles after different treatment strategies, we used neurocognitive testing and multimodality MRI in BC survivors randomized to high-dose (HI), conventional-dose (CON-) CT or radiotherapy (RT) only and a healthy control (HC) group. BC survivors who received CON-CT (
n
= 20) and HC (
n
= 20) were assessed using a neurocognitive test battery and multimodality MRI including 3D-T1, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and 1H-MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to measure various aspects of cerebral white (WM) and gray matter (GM). Data were compared to previously assessed groups of BC survivors who received HI-CT (
n
= 17) and RT-only (
n
= 15). Testing took place on average 11.5 years post-CT. 3D-T1 showed focal GM volume reductions both for HI-CT and CON-CT compared to RT-only (
p
< .004). DTI-derived mean diffusivity and 1H-MRS derived N-acetyl aspartate showed WM injury specific to HI-CT but not CON-CT (
p
< .05). Residual effects were revealed in the RT-only group compared to HC on MRI and neurocognitive measurements (
p
< .05). Ten years after adjuvant CT for BC lower cerebral GM volume was found in HI as well as CON-CT BC survivors whereas injury to WM is restricted to HI-CT. This might indicate that WM brain changes after BC treatment may show more pronounced (partial) recovery than GM. Furthermore, our results suggest residual neurotoxicity in the RT-only group, which warrants further investigation.
Journal Article
Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma
\"Two children learn about four different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) and what happens when matter changes form.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The SIGMA rat brain templates and atlases for multimodal MRI data analysis and visualization
Preclinical imaging studies offer a unique access to the rat brain, allowing investigations that go beyond what is possible in human studies. Unfortunately, these techniques still suffer from a lack of dedicated and standardized neuroimaging tools, namely brain templates and descriptive atlases. Here, we present two rat brain MRI templates and their associated gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid probability maps, generated from ex vivo
T
2
*
-weighted images (90 µm isotropic resolution) and in vivo T
2
-weighted images (150 µm isotropic resolution). In association with these templates, we also provide both anatomical and functional 3D brain atlases, respectively derived from the merging of the Waxholm and Tohoku atlases, and analysis of resting-state functional MRI data. Finally, we propose a complete set of preclinical MRI reference resources, compatible with common neuroimaging software, for the investigation of rat brain structures and functions.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to study the rat brain. Here, the authors provide standardized MRI brain templates and descriptive atlases for the rat, incorporating both structural and functional MRI data, along with associated resources.
Journal Article
States of matter
\"Many people are familiar with the states of matter called solid, liquid, and gas, but they may not have heard of the other two states, plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates. In this notable book, readers will learn what all these states are as well as what happens to matter to trigger a change from one form to another. The comprehensible text is supported by clear and helpful images, diagrams, and fact boxes as well as vocabulary that serves to highlight key science terms.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Lesion remyelinating activity of GSK239512 versus placebo in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, single-blind, phase II study
Histamine H
3
receptor blockade may enhance lesion remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). The efficacy (using a magnetic resonance imaging marker of myelination, magnetisation transfer ratio [MTR]), safety and pharmacokinetics of GSK239512, a potent and brain penetrant H
3
receptor antagonist/inverse agonist on lesion remyelination in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) were assessed. This was a phase II, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind (sponsor-unblinded), international, multicentre study (NCT01772199). Patients aged 18–50 with RRMS, receiving intramuscular interferon-β1a or glatiramer acetate, were randomised 1:1 to once-daily oral GSK239512 or placebo, up-titrated over 4–5 weeks to a maximum tolerable dose up to 80 µg and maintained until Week 48. The co-primary endpoints were mean changes in post-lesion MTR in gadolinium-enhanced (GdE) or Delta-MTR defined lesions from pre-lesion values. Adverse events (AE) and withdrawals were monitored. Of the 131 patients randomised, 114 patients completed the study (GSK239512,
n
= 51; placebo,
n
= 63) and 27 (GSK239512) and 28 (placebo) patients contributed lesions to the primary analysis. GSK239512 was associated with positive effect sizes of 0.344 [90% confidence interval (CI) 0.018, 0.671] and 0.243 (90% CI −0.112, 0.598) for adjusted mean changes in the normalised MTR for GdE and Delta-MTR lesions, respectively. The overall incidence of AEs was similar between GSK239512 and placebo during the treatment phase although some AEs including insomnia were more common with GSK239512, particularly during the titration period. A small but positive effect of GSK239512 on remyelination was observed. MTR assessment represents a promising method for detecting lesion remyelination in RRMS.
Journal Article
Ultra-light dark matter
Ultra-light dark matter is a class of dark matter models (DM), where DM is composed by bosons with masses ranging from 10-24eV
Journal Article
Matter
\"This book details the science of matter. It explains what forms matter can take, how and why matter goes through changes, and more\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Apparent thinning of human visual cortex during childhood is associated with myelination
Human cortex appears to thin during childhood development. However, the underlying microstructural mechanisms are unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), and diffusion MRI (dMRI) in children and adults, we tested what quantitative changes occur to gray and white matter in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) from childhood to adulthood, and how these changes relate to cortical thinning. T₁ relaxation time from qMRI and mean diffusivity (MD) from dMRI provide independent and complementary measurements of microstructural properties of gray and white matter tissue. In face- and character-selective regions in lateral VTC, T₁ and MD decreased from age 5 to adulthood in mid and deep cortex, as well as in their adjacent white matter. T₁ reduction also occurred longitudinally in children’s brain regions. T₁ and MD decreases 1) were consistent with tissue growth related to myelination, which we verified with adult histological myelin stains, and 2) were correlated with apparent cortical thinning. In contrast, in place-selective cortex in medial VTC, we found no development of T₁ or MD after age 5, and thickness was related to cortical morphology. These findings suggest that lateral VTC likely becomes more myelinated from childhood to adulthood, affecting the contrast of MR images and, in turn, the apparent gray–white boundary. These findings are important because they suggest that VTC does not thin during childhood but instead gets more myelinated. Our data have broad ramifications for understanding both typical and atypical brain development using advanced in vivo quantitative measurements and clinical conditions implicating myelin.
Journal Article