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"Measurement systems"
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Enterprise management control systems in China
Providing an exhaustive view of China's management control systems, this text examines the development of theory and practice while also presenting a framework that integrates China's unique enterprise regulations, corporate culture and managerial mindset into management control systems.
Book
The Influence of Camera and Optical System Parameters on the Uncertainty of Object Location Measurement in Vision Systems
The article presents the influence of the camera and its optical system on the uncertainty of object position measurement in vision systems. The aim of the article is to present the methodology for estimating the combined standard uncertainty of measuring the object position with a vision camera treated as a measuring device. The identification of factors affecting the location measurement uncertainty and the determination of their share in the combined standard uncertainty will allow determining the parameters of the camera operation, so that the expanded uncertainty is as small as possible in the given measurement conditions. The analysis of the uncertainty estimation presented in the article was performed with the assumption that there is no influence of any external factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, or vibrations).
Journal Article
Design and Metrological Analysis of a Backlit Vision System for Surface Roughness Measurements of Turned Parts
The focus of this study is to design a backlit vision instrument capable of measuring surface roughness and to discuss its metrological performance compared to traditional measurement instruments. The instrument is a non-contact high-magnification imaging system characterized by short inspection time which opens the perspective of in-line implementation. We combined the use of the modulation transfer function to evaluate the imaging conditions of an electrically tunable lens to obtain an optimally focused image. We prepared a set of turned steel samples with different roughness in the range Ra 2.4 µm to 15.1 µm. The layout of the instrument is presented, including a discussion on how optimal imaging conditions were obtained. The paper describes the comparison performed on measurements collected with the vision system designed in this work and state-of-the-art instruments. A comparison of the results of the backlit system depends on the values of surface roughness considered; while at larger values of roughness the offset increases, the results are compatible with the ones of the stylus at lower values of roughness. In fact, the error bands are superimposed by at least 58% based on the cases analyzed.
Journal Article
Time zones
Explains the origin of standard time and the international system of time zones, and discusses Greenwich Mean Time and Coordinated Universal Time, time zones in the United States, daylight savings time, and the cases of India and Australia.
Book
Standardized pivot shift test improves measurement accuracy
Purpose
The variability of the pivot shift test techniques greatly interferes with achieving a quantitative and generally comparable measurement. The purpose of this study was to compare the variation of the quantitative pivot shift measurements with different surgeons’ preferred techniques to a standardized technique. The hypothesis was that standardizing the pivot shift test would improve consistency in the quantitative evaluation when compared with surgeon-specific techniques.
Methods
A whole lower body cadaveric specimen was prepared to have a low-grade pivot shift on one side and high-grade pivot shift on the other side. Twelve expert surgeons performed the pivot shift test using (1) their preferred technique and (2) a standardized technique. Electromagnetic tracking was utilized to measure anterior tibial translation and acceleration of the reduction during the pivot shift test. The variation of the measurement was compared between the surgeons’ preferred technique and the standardized technique.
Results
The anterior tibial translation during pivot shift test was similar between using surgeons’ preferred technique (left 24.0 ± 4.3 mm; right 15.5 ± 3.8 mm) and using standardized technique (left 25.1 ± 3.2 mm; right 15.6 ± 4.0 mm; n.s.). However, the variation in acceleration was significantly smaller with the standardized technique (left 3.0 ± 1.3 mm/s
2
; right 2.5 ± 0.7 mm/s
2
) compared with the surgeons’ preferred technique (left 4.3 ± 3.3 mm/s
2
; right 3.4 ± 2.3 mm/s
2
; both
P
< 0.01).
Conclusion
Standardizing the pivot shift test maneuver provides a more consistent quantitative evaluation and may be helpful in designing future multicenter clinical outcome trials.
Level of evidence
Diagnostic study, Level I.
Journal Article
Digital holography for MEMS and microsystem metrology
Approaching the topic of digital holography from the practical perspective of industrial inspection, Digital Holography for MEMS and Microsystem Metrology describes the process of digital holography and its growing applications for MEMS characterization, residual stress measurement, design and evaluation, and device testing and inspection.
eBook
An Overview of Six Sigma
We provide an introductory overview of the Six Sigma development and improvement processes. A historical perspective is provided. We also discuss the statistical methods frequently used within this framework and briefly comment on the impact of Six Sigma on the practice of statistics in industry. Nous offrons une vue d'ensemble d'introduction des processus de développement et d'amélioration de Six Sigma. Nous présentons également une perspective historique. Nous discutons aussi des méthodes statistiques fréquemment utilisées dans ce cadre et commentons brièvement l'impact de Six Sigma sur la pratique des statistiques dans l'industrie.
Journal Article
NOx Emission of a Correlation between the PEMS and SEMS over Different Test Modes and Real Driving Emission
The aim of this study is to verify the reliability of NOx emissions measured using Smart Emissions Measurement System (SEMS) equipment in comparison with the NOx emissions measured using certified Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The SEMS equipment is simple system, and it is less expensive than the PEMS equipment, as it comprises an On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) signal from the test vehicle and a NOx sensor. The SEMS equipment based on low-cost sensors has an advantage of building big data, but there are insufficient previous studies comparing of NOx emissions with certified the PEMS equipment. Therefore, this study is important in verifying the suitability of the SEMS equipment by comparing the NOx emissions measured by the various test modes and RDE using the two types of equipment. To analyze the correlation between the PEMS and SEMS equipment, the advanced diesel vehicle was equipped with the two types of equipment to simultaneously measure NOx emissions. After installing the equipment on the test vehicle, it was conducted under various test modes in the laboratory and the Real Driving Emission (RDE) test to verify the correlation of NOx emissions measured by the SEMS equipment. The correlation analysis for the NOx emissions measured by the PEMS and SEMS equipment under various test conditions and the RDE test indicated that the slope of the NOx emissions was approximately equal to 1, and the coefficient of determination was 0.9 or higher. Based on these test results, it was concluded that NOx emissions measured by the PEMS and SEMS equipment are highly similar.
Journal Article
Data-driven disturbance source identification for power system oscillations using credibility search ensemble learning
Low-frequency oscillations in power system degrade power quality and may trigger blackouts. This study identifies the source location of these oscillations using measurements from phasor measurement unit (PMU), offline credibility estimation and classification models. The performance of these classification models is ranked for each reported feature to use highly ranked models during the online stage. This proposed framework named as credibility search ensemble learning was tested and validated with promising results using western interconnection power system in North America (WECC-179). The reliability and robustness of the proposed framework were checked against measurement errors in PMUs as well as for practical topology change scenarios. Experimental results and performance comparison with average weight-based approach proved that the proposed approach is capable enough to predict the source location of oscillations with good accuracy. An interfacing tool, for MATLAB-WEKA, was developed and employed in this work for validation and testing of the proposed approach.
Journal Article