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"Measurement-History"
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Tracking the Audience
In Tracking the Audience: The Ratings Industry From Analog to Digital, author Karen Buzzard examines the key economic, political, and competitive factors that have influenced ratings methods dominant in each of the markets for radio, TV, and the Internet, tracing the practice¹s history from its early beginnings up to its most recent advances. Beginning with the birth of the industry in 1929, Tracking the Audience traces the establishment of a standardized ratings &dquotecurrency&dquote as it evolved to meet the needs of the analog broadcast system, and explores the search for new gold standards necessitated by the devastating effects of the digital revolution. Buzzard examines key challenges to the established system by discussing the movement from traditional sampling methods to new, more transparent measurements. More than a history of the ratings industry itself, it also tracks the evolving business model for the broadcast industry.
Tracking the Audience: The Ratings Industry From Analog to Digital shows how the development of conceptual tools designed to measure and package radio, TV, and Internet audiences is the result of a variety of historical factors. With a detailed examination of ratings providers, their methods, and their attempts to adjust to meet new demands a digital age, this volume explains how a standardized broadcast system of audience measurement ratings has evolved, and where it is going in the future.
eBook
Hydrogen Exchange and Mass Spectrometry: A Historical Perspective
Protein molecules naturally emit streams of information-rich signals in the language of hydrogen exchange concerning the intimate details of their stability, dynamics, function, changes therein, and effects thereon, all resolved to the level of their individual amino acids. The effort to measure protein hydrogen exchange behavior, understand the underlying chemistry and structural physics of hydrogen exchange processes, and use this information to learn about protein properties and function has continued for 50 years. Recent work uses mass spectrometric analysis together with an earlier proteolytic fragmentation method to extend the hydrogen exchange capability to large biologically interesting proteins. This article briefly reviews the advances that have led us to this point and the understanding that has so far been achieved.
Journal Article
The seven measures of the world
\"From the beginning of history, measurement has been interwoven into the human experience, shaping our understanding of nature, personal relationships, and the supernatural. We measure the world to know our past, comprehend the present, and plan the future. Renowned physicist Piero Martin explores how scientific knowledge is built around seven key pillars of measurement: the meter for length; the second for time; the kilogram for mass; the kelvin for temperature; the ampere for electricity; the mole for quantity of substance; and the candela for luminous intensity. Martin examines the history and function of these units and illustrates their applications in rich vignettes on a range of topics--from quarks to black holes, from a glass of wine to space exploration. He delves into not only the all-important numbers but also anecdotes that underline each unit's special quality. At the same time, he explains how each unit contributes to important aspects of science, from classical physics to quantum mechanics, from relativity to chemistry, from cosmology to elementary particle physics, and from medicine to modern technology. Martin eloquently shows how the entire universe can be measured and understood using just seven units.\"--Dust jacket.
Book
Assessing Pain by Facial Expression: Facial Expression as Nexus
The experience of pain is often represented by changes in facial expression. Evidence of pain that is available from facial expression has been the subject of considerable scientific investigation. The present paper reviews the history of pain assessment via facial expression in the context of a model of pain expression as a nexus connecting internal experience with social influence. Evidence about the structure of facial expressions of pain across the lifespan is reviewed. Applications of facial assessment in the study of adult and pediatric pain are also reviewed, focusing on how such techniques facilitate the discovery and articulation of novel phenomena. Emerging applications of facial assessment in clinical settings are also described. Alternative techniques that have the potential to overcome barriers to the application of facial assessment arising out of its resource‐intensiveness are described and evaluated, including recent work on computer‐based automatic assessment.
Journal Article
Le compte y est
Une histoire des mathématiques présentée de manière originale et divertissante.
eBook
Sea level : a history
\"What do we mean when we talk about sea level? How and why did people begin to measure it? With Wilko Graf von Hardenberg as our guide, we follow these questions and more to the muddy littoral spaces of Venice and Amsterdam, the coasts of the Baltic Sea, the Panama and Suez canals, and through the expansion of European colonial empires and the science funding boom of the Cold War. This book is the first history of sea level as a concept and of its theoretical and practical uses. It breaks new ground by offering an innovative outlook on how human societies worldwide have revisited and reinterpreted the relationship between land and sea in modern times. What is more, as a conceptual history of one of the most widely used baselines of environmental change, Sea Level provides a much-needed historical contextualization of anthropogenic sea level rise and its impact on the global coast. By narrating how sea level has morphed from a stable geodetic baseline to a marker of anthropogenic change, von Hardenberg sheds new light on the Anthropocene itself\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Psychometrics and its discontents: an historical perspective on the discourse of the measurement tradition
Psychometrics has recently undergone extensive criticism within the medical education literature. The use of quantitative measurement using psychometric instruments such as response scales is thought to emphasize a narrow range of relevant learner skills and competencies. Recent reviews and commentaries suggest that a paradigm shift might be presently underway. We argue for caution, in that the psychometrics approach and the quantitative account of competencies that it reflects is based on a rich discussion regarding measurement and scaling that led to the establishment of this paradigm. Rather than reflecting a homogeneous discipline focused on core competencies devoid of consideration of context, the psychometric community has a history of discourse and debate within the field, with an acknowledgement that the techniques and instruments developed within psychometrics are heuristics that must be used pragmatically.
Journal Article