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"Medical sciences India History 19th century."
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Contesting colonial authority
Poonam Bala’s Contesting Colonial Authority explores the interplay of conformity and defiance amongst the plural medical tradition in colonial India. The contributors reveal how Indian elites, nationalists, and the rest of the Indian population participated in the move to revisit and frame a new social character of Indian Medicine. Viewed in the light of the cultural, nationalistic, social, literary and scientific essentials, Contesting Colonial Authority highlights various indigenous interpretations and mechanisms through which Indian sciences and medicine were projected against the cultural background of a rich medical tradition.
eBook
Their footprints remain
By the end of the 19th century, British imperial medical officers and Christian medical missionaries began to introduce Western medicine to Tibet, Sikkim and Bhutan. Their Footprints Remain uses archival sources, personal letters, diaries, and oral sources in order to tell the fascinating story of how this once-new medical system became imbedded in the Himalayas. Of interest to anyone with an interest in medical history and anthropology, as well as the Himalayan world, this volume not only identifies the individuals involved and describes how they helped to spread this form of imperialist medicine, but also discusses its reception by a local people whose own medical practices were based on an entirely different understanding of the world.
Het boek is een baanbrekende studie naar de invoering van 'Westerse geneesmiddelen' in Kalimpong, Sikkim, centraal Tibet en Bhutan. Their Footprints Remain legt de wortels bloot van de inspanningen van medisch getrainde missionarissen en Britse beambten in de koloniale dienst in India om bio-medicijnen in te voeren in deze regio's, en gaat in op de kwestie hoe en waarom het hen lukte.
eBook
Cultural politics of hygiene in India, 1890-1940 : contagions of feeling
This book examines genealogies of contagion in between contagion as microbe and contagion as affect. It analyzes how and why hygiene became authoritative and succeeded in becoming a part of the broader social and cultural vocabulary within the colonialist, anti-colonial, as well as modernist discourses.
eBook
Indian doctors in Kenya, 1890-1940: the forgotten history
This pioneering book offers unique insights into the careers of Indian doctors in colonial Kenya. As such, it deepens and broadens recent historiography of the complex constitution of the British Empire. The British Empire, although ideologically racist, nevertheless relied upon staff of all nationalities and ethnicities. Ideas and practices were imported between various colonial dependencies as much as they evolved responsively to local conditions. The book highlights the complex ambiguities of Empire; advancing modern studies of the British Empire as a linked, multi-centred global phenomenon, while also providing a case study that enriches local understandings of the practice of medicine in a racially segregated context. Chapters examine in turn the main possible career options for Indian medical graduates as well as setting out the racial and political context of colonial Kenya. An impressively large and varied source base has been consulted throughout resulting in startling new insights into the complex operation of western medicine in this racially segregated world.
eBook
Healing traditions : African medicine, cultural exchange, and competition in South Africa, 1820-1948
In August 2004, South Africa officially legalized the practice of traditional healers. Largely in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and limited both by the number of practitioners and by patients’ access to treatment, biomedical practitioners looked toward the country’s traditional healers as important agents in the development of medical education and treatment. This collaboration has not been easy. The two medical cultures embrace different ideas about the body and the origin of illness, but they do share a history of commercial and ideological competition and different relations to state power. Healing Traditions: African Medicine, Cultural Exchange, and Competition in South Africa, 1820–1948 provides a long-overdue historical perspective to these interactions and an understanding that is vital for the development of medical strategies to effectively deal with South Africa’s healthcare challenges. Between 1820 and 1948 traditional healers in Natal, South Africa, transformed themselves from politically powerful men and women who challenged colonial rule and law into successful entrepreneurs who competed for turf and patients with white biomedical doctors and pharmacists. To understand what is “traditional” about traditional medicine, Flint argues that we must consider the cultural actors not commonly associated with African therapeutics: white biomedical practitioners, Indian healers, and the implementing of white rule. Carefully crafted, well written, and powerfully argued, Flint’s analysis of the ways that indigenous medical knowledge and therapeutic practices were forged, contested, and transformed over two centuries is highly illuminating, as is her demonstration that many “traditional” practices changed over time. Her discussion of African and Indian medical encounters opens up a whole new way of thinking about the social basis of health and healing in South Africa. This important book will be core reading for classes and future scholarship on health and healing in South Africa.
eBook
Disparate Remedies
At present India is a leading producer, distributor, and consumer of generic medicines globally. Disparate Remedies traces the genealogy of this development and examines the public cultures of medicine in the country between 1870 and 1960. The book begins by discussing the expansion of medical consumerism in late nineteenth-century India when British-owned firms extended their sales into remote towns. As a result, laboratory-produced drugs competed with traditional remedies through side-by-side production of Western and Indian drugs by pharmaceutical companies. The emergent middle classes, the creation of a public sphere, and nationalist politics transformed the medical culture of modern India and generated conflict between Western and Indigenous medical systems and their practitioners. Nandini Bhattacharya demonstrates that these disparate therapies were sustained through the tropes of purity or adulteration, potency or lack of it, and epistemic heritage, even when their material configuration often differed little. Uniquely engaging with the cultures of both consumption and production in the country, Disparate Remedies follows the evolution of medicine in colonial India as it confronted Indian modernity and changing public attitudes surrounding health and drugs.
eBook
Cannabis and psychosis: revisiting a nineteenth century study of ‘Indian Hemp and Insanity’ in Colonial British India
In nineteenth-century British India, concern regarding large numbers of asylum patients with 'Indian Hemp Insanity' led to establishment of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The exotic cannabis plant was widely used in pharmacopeia and a source of government revenue. The Commission was tasked with determining the public health risks of cannabis use, particularly mental illness. This analysis of the Commission report seeks to highlight the status of 1892 cannabis research and compare it with current evidence for medical and recreational cannabis use.
Detailed historiographic review of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1892).
In 1892, heavy cannabis use was considered to have been associated with severe mental illness (7.3% of asylum patients; 12.6% of patients with diagnoses). About two-thirds were children and young adults with higher relapse rates. Risk increased with early cannabis use and a family history of mental illness. Cannabis psychosis was found to have a shorter trajectory and better prognosis than other mental illnesses in the asylums. Different cannabis potency and modes of consumption had different effects. Occasional cannabis use was felt to have medicinal benefits for some. Appendices provided symptoms and demographic characteristics of cannabis-induced mental illness.
This important nineteenth-century study observed frequency and dose-related effects of cannabis on mental health, particularly psychotic symptoms in young people with a previous or hereditary risk of mental illness. Pathophysiological observations were consistent with current knowledge. As one of the most systematic and detailed studies of the effects of cannabis of the time it foreshadowed contemporary cannabis issues.
Journal Article
Infectious Disease in India, 1892-1940
Using case studies of cholera, plague, malaria, and yellow fever, this book analyzes how factors such as public health diplomacy, trade, imperial governance, medical technologies, and cultural norms operated within global and colonial conceptions of political and epidemiological risk to shape infectious disease policies in colonial India.
eBook
Colorectal cancer unmasked: A synergistic AI framework for Hyper-granular image dissection, precision segmentation, and automated diagnosis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, underscoring the necessity for computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems that are interpretable, accurate, and robust. This study presents a practical CADx system that combines Vision Transformers (ViTs) and DeepLabV3 + to accurately identify and segment colorectal lesions in colonoscopy images.The system addresses class balance and real-world complexity with PCA-based dimensionality reduction, data augmentation, and strategic preprocessing using recently curated CKHK-22 dataset comprising more than 14,000 annotated images of CVC-ClinicDB, Kvasir-2, and Hyper-Kvasir. ViT, ResNet-50, DenseNet-201, and VGG-16 were used to quantify classification performance. ViT achieved best-in-class accuracy (97%), F1-score (0.95), and AUC (92%) in test data. The DeepLabV3 + achieved segmentation state-of-the-art for tasks of localisation with 0.88 Dice Coefficient and 0.71 Intersection over Union (IoU), ensuring sharp delineation of areas that are malignant. The CADx system accommodates real-time inference and served through Google Cloud for information that accommodates scalable clinical implementation. The image-level segmentation effectiveness is evidenced by comparison with visual overlay and expert-manually deliminated masks, and its precision is illustrated by computation of precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC. The hybrid strategy not only outperforms traditional CNN strategies but also overcomes important clinical needs such as detection early, balance of highly disparate classes, and clear explanation. The proposed ViT–DeepLabV3 + system establishes a basis for advanced AI support to colorectal diagnosis by utilizing self-attention strategies and learning with different scales of context. The system offers a high-capacity, reproducible computerised colorectal cancer screening and monitoring solution and can be best deployed where resources are scarce, and it can be highly desirable for clinical deployment.
Journal Article