Explore the vast range of titles available.

A unifying aspect in researchers' understanding of the essence of the legal model is that it acts in such a way that describes objects, processes or phenomena of legal life. With due regard to the forms of international cooperation, we can identify conventional and institutional models of international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC). The institutional model characterizes the status and activities of the subjects. The conventional model primarily reflects a set of legal regulators of the interaction between subjects. However, the conventional model is not limited solely to international agreements and customs. It also includes instruments containing soft law rules. To elucidate the ISTC models in the field of marine research, the authors have analyzed the concept of \"marine scientific research\" as well as the development of the institution governing the interaction between subjects of international law and other actors in the field of marine scientific research (MSR) and the exchange of technologies within the framework of international law of the sea. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the conventional model of ISTC in the field of MSR is based on the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and includes bilateral and multilateral international agreements, decisions and resolutions of competent international organizations, and legal instruments containing soft law rules aimed at specifying various aspects of cooperation. The institutional model in MSR means creation of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. ISTC institutional models can be divided into ecosystem models and collaboration models. Ecosystem models create the necessary legal, organizational, economic and other conditions (environment) for international cooperation and joint marine scientific research. Collaborative models are created directly for the implementation of international scientific research. However, there is no strict borderline between them.

The growing variety and complexity of marine research and application oriented tasks requires unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) to operate fully autonomously over long time horizons even in environments with significant civilian traffic. In order to address this challenge, we have developed a lattice-based 5D trajectory planner for USVs. The planner estimates collision risk and reasons about the availability of contingency maneuvers to counteract unpredictable behaviors of civilian vessels. The planner also incorporates avoidance behaviors of the vessels into the search for a dynamically feasible trajectory to minimize collision risk. In order to be computationally efficient, it dynamically scales the control action primitives of a trajectory based on the distribution and concentration of civilian vessels while preserving the dynamical feasibility of the primitives. We present a novel congestion metric to compare the complexity of different scenarios when evaluating the performance of the planner. Our results demonstrate that the basic version of the risk and contingency-aware planner (RCAP) significantly decreases the number of collisions compared to a baseline, velocity obstacles based planner, especially in complex scenarios with a high number of civilian vessels. The adaptive version of the planner (A-RCAP) improves the computational performance of RCAP by 500 %. This leads to a high replanning rate, which allows shorter traversal distances and smaller arrival times, while ensuring comparable incidence of collisions.

The ichthyoplankton assemblage in the Atlantic region off the NW Iberian peninsula (AR) and in the southern Bay of Biscay (SBB) and the response of the larval fish species distribution to the relatively rapidly changing hydrographic conditions in spring 2010 were studied using two ichthyoplankton cruises. The SBB showed a more abundant and diverse ichthyoplankton assemblage than the AR, although the larval fish assemblage (LFA) was structured into on-shelf and off-shelf assemblages in both regions. Inter-sampling variability related to downwelling/upwelling regimes was observed in the cross-shelf assemblage distribution in the SBB but not in the AR. This suggests that LFA distributions in the area of this study are good indicators of downwelling and weak coastal upwelling regimes but not of relatively strong coastal upwelling or upwelling filaments. Although depth was identified by multivariate analyses as being the most important variable explaining larval fish species distributions, a shelf-breakfront in the SBB and the surface offshore (onshore) flows associated with coastal downwelling (upwelling) in the AR seems to have been key in defining and maintaining assemblage boundaries. Results of this study should also encourage marine research institutions to use routine ichthyoplankton sampling to monitor fish communities and their responses to global warming.

Disasters are highly complex with often extreme consequences and are often exacerbated by decision errors. Human behaviour in this domain offers a fertile ground for studying decision-making and identifying opportunities for improvement. This research sought to improve the quality of decision-making by developing an aide memoire for managing cognitive biases in emergency management. Based on the appropriate literature, 58 of Australia’s leading marine spill disaster response experts identified and ranked the most important cognitive biases in a group setting. The results were translated into language relevant to emergency management practitioners and reframed into a series of questions. The identification of nine cognitive biases in the aide memoire can first be used to assess the available information, intelligence and decisions, and then used to determine the meaning of the information, intelligence and decisions. The paper discusses the applicability of the aide memoire to decision errors identified in recent man-made and natural disasters. Finally, the article addresses a criticism that research findings are often not useful to industry by suggesting how the aide memoire can be used in practice.

Hydrographic surveying is one of the most seasoned types of marine research and includes a procedure of gathering bathymetry information that can be utilized as a part of creating and maintaining nautical chart. Establishment of modern nautical chart is very crucial to marine safety, coastal zone management and fish and mineral industries. This paper is an attempt to review the advancement of hydrographic surveying technique from the past decade towards Ellipsoidal Referenced Survey technique. An overview of hydrographic surveying, basic principle of development techniques and considering the merits and hindrances of the techniques will be summarized to support future application. Discussion of future directions will also be outlined.

One of the major challenges in aquaculture is fish feeding management. Inappropriate feeding practices could threat the fish’s growth and health, may lead to negative environment impact due to excess food contamination, and more importantly high operations cost. This study is aiming at proposing a fish feeding management system for OceanFarmITS, an offshore aquaculture unit designed by Marine Research Centre of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. One of the most commercially popular fish, Tiger grouper is selected to be cultivated in OceanFarmITS pilot project. The fish feeding management systems include fish feeding arrangement and fish feeder system that is customized specifically to OceanFarmITS operations nature. Automatic fish feeder is an alternative to solve existing feeding problems such us inefficiency of conventional or manual feeding. The proposed system consists of a control system using microcontroller Arduino board to receive data from sensors then send the instruction to the motor driver. Moreover, it has alarm system that sends notification to Aquaculture operator when food storage in silo tank has reached a limit level. The proposed design of feeding system would support operations of OceanFarmITS to conduct feeding activity efficiently by minimizing operations cost and environmental impact while keep fish optimal growth.

The paper presents results of research based on analysis of historical and present studies of the Arctic ice drift. Current information about Arctic ice drift comes from the scientific expedition organized by the Alfred-Wrgener-Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) from Bremerhaven (Germany) in the Arctic Ocean, as a part of the Multidiscipli-nary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), coming from the deck of the icebreaker RV “Polarstern”. The main purpose of the article was to collect and illustrate information on the phenomenon of ice drift in the Arctic Ocean, considering data from ongoing research during the MOSAiC expedition. The average movement speed of the icebreaker RV “Polarstern” frozen in Arctic ice during the first three legs of the expedition was over 5 Nm/day, which is characteristic of the current data relating to the speed of the Arctic ice drift in the place of research. On the other hand, the article is popular science, and presents the overall characteristics of Arctic ice drift with an indication of the general directions, and speed of its movement. Ice drift speeds in the Arctic can reach exceptionally high values under favorable conditions. The drift of sea ice reaching at its intensity/intensity values close to the limit (dangerous criterion) in these extreme cases is called the “ice river”. The speed of “ice rivers” can reach up to 1–2 knots, however, in extreme conditions up to 9 knots. Based on data from the AWI, correlation points were identified between the speed of Arctic ice drift and the speed of winds and atmospheric pressure values.

In response to my country’s future planning for the design and construction of a new round of marine scientific research ships, the types, functions and layout areas of special equipment are subdivided to classify and explore the key points of special equipment installation and control for marine scientific research ships, and finally become more systematic Formed the installation control elements of various special equipment. Combining previous production design and construction experience of scientific research ships, the article focuses on the scientific layout of survey equipment, optimized design of cabin clear height, reasonable layout of laboratory equipment and related pipelines, vibration and noise reduction, electromagnetic compatibility, and modular design. On the other hand, analyse the key points of the comprehensive layout optimization design of the scientific research ship for reference for subsequent production design of the scientific research ship. Together with the experience and concepts of the shipyard, the comprehensive layout of the scientific research ship can be further improved, and the on-site construction modification can be reduced, thereby promoting domestic the construction quality of scientific research ships has improved to a new level, reaching the international leading level in all aspects.

The atmosphere overlying the ocean is very sensitive—physically, chemically and climatically—to air pollution. Given that clouds over the ocean are of great climatic significance, and that sulphate aerosols seem to be an important control on marine cloud formation 1 , anthropogenic inputs of sulphate to the marine atmosphere could exert an important influence on climate. Recently, sulphur emissions from fossil fuel burning by international shipping have been geographically characterized 2 , indicating that ship sulphur emissions nearly equal the natural sulphur flux from ocean to atmosphere in many areas 3 . Here we use a global chemical transport model to show that these ship emissions can be a dominant contributor to atmospheric sulphur dioxide concentrations over much of the world's oceans and in several coastal regions. The ship emissions also contribute significantly to atmospheric non-seasalt sulphate concentrations over Northern Hemisphere ocean regions and parts of the Southern Pacific Ocean, and indirect radiative forcing due to ship-emitted particulate matter (sulphate plus organic material) is estimated to contribute a substantial fraction to the anthropogenic perturbation of the Earth's radiation budget. The quantification of emissions from international shipping forces a re-evaluation of our present understanding of sulphur cycling and radiative forcing over the ocean.

We are grateful that we have presented, with great pleasure the 3rd EMBRIO International Workshop (EIW). This international workshop was conducted to explore and develop marine biodiversity through research sharing in the form of presentation and coaching under the topic \"Scientific Writing and Communication in Fisheries and Marine Science\" in order to encourage the improvement of scientific works. Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University) is a leading institution in the research programs to explore and develop marine biodiversity in Indonesia. One of the ways is through EMBRIO (Enhancing Marine Biodiversity in Indonesia). As one of leading institution in fisheries and marine research program in Indonesia, EMBRIO aim to increase collaboration among researchers from various institutions within the relatable fields in order to increase understanding, utilization, and conservation of marine biodiversity. Thus, the 3rd EIW was held by EMBRIO team as a forum for researchers from all over the world to share their latest findings related to fisheries and marine biodiversity. The first International Workshop of EMBRIO was held in 2014 and second in 2016, which followed by several countries in Asia, Europe and Australia. We maintain the continuity of this activity, to build cooperation related to the development of marine biodiversity in Indonesia. Kind regards, Dr. Mala Nurilmala, S.Pi., M.Si. Director of EMBRIO List of Preface, About Embrio, Organizing Committee, Reviewers & Editors, Photograph are available in this PDF