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Background/Objectives: Multiple underlying pathomechanisms may lead to melasma, but there has been no report on the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to reveal specific pathomechanisms in individual patients and provide individualized treatments accordingly. Using real-time OCT images, we studied the pathomechanisms of melasma in 12 female patients and the effects of individualized treatments. Methods: Patients were divided into good and bad improved groups according to the improvement in hyperpigmentation at month 4. Results: In the bad improved group, all melanin or confetti melanin had significantly decreased at month 2 or month 4 while granular melanin ratio at month or month 4 significantly increased, the most parameters of dendritic-sharped cells (DCs) before and after treatment were not significantly different, the collagen area or collagen density at month 4 significantly decreased. In the good improved group, there was slightly low all melanin/confetti melanin at month 4 and high granular melanin at month 4 in comparison to the bad improved group. Moreover, most of the parameters in the DCs at month 4 significantly increased while most parameters in collagen at month 4 significantly decreased. Conclusions: OCT is useful in revealing the involved pathomechanisms of melasma in individualized patients. Positive treatment results can be achieved through individualized therapy regimen targeting the pathomechanisms.

Introduction: Paddy farming is one of the main occupations in Kashmir valley. The workers associated with paddy are exposed to variety of irritants such as manures, fertilizers, and pesticides, besides getting exposed to intense sunlight for long hours due to the nature of their work. All these factors can potentially either trigger skin diseases or can worsen them. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence and pattern of various skin disorders among paddy field workers in Kashmir valley. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which 600 workers engaged in paddy farming in different areas of Kashmir valley were screened. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and wherever deemed necessary, relevant investigations were carried out to establish the nature of the disease. Results: A total of 600 workers were evaluated for the presence of skin disorders. Two hundred thirty workers (38.3%) were found to have skin lesions, while the rest, i.e. 370 (61.7%) were free from any skin problem. Out of the total skin lesions, infectious ones were seen in 40.4%, while non-infectious accounted for 59.6% cases. The main non-infectious disorders included melasma, followed by hand and foot eczemas, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles and callosities/cuts, while among the infectious group the major chunk was formed by bacterial infections followed by fungal, viral, and parasitic. Pitted keratolysis and intertrigo were the most common bacterial and fungal infections respectively. Conclusion: A large number of skin diseases were seen in paddy field workers, with some diseases showing an occupational nature.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of 70% Glycolic acid peeling with Tranexamic acid mesotherapy in treating melasma. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, CMH-Abbottabad Pakistan, Jun to Nov 2021. Methodology: The 54 patients aged 20-50 years were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups. In Group-A, 27 patients prescribed 70% Glycolic acid every two weeks for 12 weeks (6 sessions) and in Group-B, 27 patients injected every week for 12 weeks (12 sessions) with Intradermal Tranexamic acid (4mg/ml). All patients had a clinical examination using the mMASI scale. On follow-up, evaluation was carried out on the 1st, sixth, and 12th weeks. Results: The majority of 35(65%) patients had mild MASI scores. The paired t-test results of Group A and Group B were both significant, while the post-treatment mean of Group A and B was insignificant. Conclusion: The study concludes that Glycolic acid and TXA are equally efficient in treating melasma. Moreover, Tranexamic acid reduced the recurrence of melasma, but topical application of Glycolic acid showed more compliance.

This bold challenge to conventional notions about medieval music disputes the assumption of pure literacy and replaces it with a more complex picture of a world in which literacy and orality interacted. Asking such fundamental questions as how singers managed to memorize such an enormous amount of music and how music composed in the mind rather than in writing affected musical style, Anna Maria Busse Berger explores the impact of the art of memory on the composition and transmission of medieval music. Her fresh, innovative study shows that although writing allowed composers to work out pieces in the mind, it did not make memorization redundant but allowed for new ways to commit material to memory.

Although, according to the author, much sound research, has been done in the Dufay era in recent years,\" Charles Hamm's book marks the first time an attempt has been made at a comprehensive chronology of the works of this composer. Professor Hamm approaches all Dufay's compositions from the point of view of mensural practice, and has been able to date each piece more precisely than would have been possible in a chronology based on manuscript studies or stylistic analyses. He has divided the works into nine groups, according to details of mensural usage, and on the basis of datable works and other evidence has suggested dates within which the pieces of each group were written. Based on his study of Dufay's mensural practice, the author suggests that the Missa Sancti Antoni and several other works attributed to Dufay may not have been written by him.Originally published in 1964.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This chapter examines the racial, social and economic divisions that remained Intact after the abolition of slavery on the island in 1863. the chapter’s title is slso the title of the first fully-fledged novel to examine the white-black relationships on the island. It begins with Wim Statius Muller’s childhood and contacts with blacks in the country that left a lasting influence on his c compositions. Ending in a brief discussion of Antille church songs reminiscent of Negro spirituals.

The manuscript Paris, BnF Lat. 17436, the \"antiphoner of Charles le Chauve\", includes, between the gradual and the antiphoner, a number of notated sequences, among which are two partial texting sequences, that remain the privilege of Western repertories. Some of these sequences have been furnished in the margins with titles of proses, that do not always correspond with the notated melodic cells. This manuscript is, moreover, one of the first known exemplars of \"Messine\" notation. Probably copied in the last quarter of the ninth century, this collection resembles in many respects another antiphoner, the lost antiphoner with versus ad sequentias that Notker de Saint-Gall received from a monk of Jumièges : \"Interim vero contigit, ut presbyter quidam de Gimedia nuper a Nortmannis vastata veniret ad nos, antiphonarium suum deferens secum, in quo aliqui versus ad sequentias erant modulati, sed iam tunc nimium viciat\" (Ed. latin text J. Duft). We present here these sequences, as well as the questions raised by the adaptation of the proses indicated in the margins with the organisation of the musical cells. Finally, we propose an identification of the sequence transmitted without title. Even if these sequences were copied at a later date, they were demonstrably chosen for the occasion of the Dedication of the Chapelle impériale de Compiègne 5 May 877. Their transmission in later manuscripts, specially of Westfrankish origins, presents very few variants and is consistent with the Compiègne exemplar. The presentation of melismatic sequences and not of proses within an antiphoner can also be compared to the later presentation in the West of melismas in separate collections, contrary to the customs of the East.

Pope Pius X, who wrote one of the principal papal documents on sacred music, asserted that sacred music must express holiness, beauty, and universality, and deemed Gregorian chant the paradigmatic embodiment of these three most necessary qualities. A musical analysis of Gregorian chant seeks to buttress Pope Pius' assessment by demonstrating the superior liturgical and musical qualities of Gregorian chant among sacred music. Musical analysis and exploration of each liturgical section of the Gregorian chant is presented, addressing such elements as melody, form, text setting, and melisma.

This chapter contains sections titled: Fractions “Slippin' and Slidin'” Dylan and Deferred Action