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In the field of water purification, membrane separation technology plays a significant role. Electrospinning has emerged as a primary method to produce nanofiber membranes due to its straightforward, low cost, functional diversity, and process controllability. It is possible to flexibly control the structural characteristics of electrospun nanofiber membranes as well as carry out various membrane material combinations to make full use of their various properties, including high porosity, high selectivity, and microporous permeability to obtain high-performance water treatment membranes. These water separation membranes can satisfy the fast and efficient purification requirements in different water purification applications due to their high filtration efficiency. The current research on water treatment membranes is still focused on creating high-permeability membranes with outstanding selectivity, remarkable antifouling performance, superior physical and chemical performance, and long-term stability. This paper reviewed the preparation methods and properties of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment in various fields, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and other special applications. Lastly, various antifouling technologies and research progress of water treatment membranes were discussed, and the future development direction of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment was also presented.

\"This book aims at illustrating several examples of different membrane compositions ranging from inorganic, polymeric, metallic, metal organic framework, and composite which have been successfully deployed to separate industrially relevant gas mixtures including hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, olefins/parafins among others. Each book chapter highlights some of the current and key fundamental and technological challenges for these membranes that must be overcome in order to envision its application at industrial level.\"--Page [4] of cover.

This reference presents the complete range of membrane modification techniques used to increase the efficiency of membrane processes. Modification of different materials in various geometrical forms include flat-sheet, hollow-fiber, and nano-fiber membranes for applications using different membrane processes such as reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, gas separation, pervaporation, and membrane fuel cells. Contributors also cover recent advances, including novel and frequently used membrane characterization techniques. Each chapter contains tables, figures, illustrations, photographs, and theoretical equations to aid with reader comprehension.

This study examined total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) rejection by two reverse osmosis (RO) and two nanofiltration (NF) membranes as a function of pH for three ammonium salts to optimize conditions for a hybrid membrane system that can produce high-purity TAN streams suitable for reuse. The results showed that TAN rejection was significantly influenced by membrane type, feed pH, and the ammonium salt used. This study represents the first attempt to simulate real manure wastewater conditions typically found in pig manure. TAN rejection for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HCO3 reached up to 95% at pH values below 7, with the SW30 membrane showing the highest performance (99.5%), attributed to effective size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion of SO42− and HCO3− ions. In contrast, lower rejection was observed for NH4Cl, particularly with the MPF-34 membrane, due to its higher molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), which diminishes both exclusion mechanisms. TAN rejection decreased markedly with increasing pH across the BW30, NF90, and MPF-34 membranes as the proportion of uncharged NH3 increased. The lowest rejection rates (<15%) were recorded at pH 11.5 for both NF membranes. These results reveal a notable shift in separation behavior, where NH3 permeation under alkaline conditions becomes dominant over the commonly reported NH4+ retention at low pH. This novel insight offers a new perspective for optimizing membrane-based ammonia recovery in systems simulating realistic manure wastewater conditions. TAN recovery was evaluated using a hybrid membrane system, where NF membranes operated at high pH promoted NH3 permeation, and the SW30 membrane at pH 6.5 enabled TAN rejection as (NH4)2SO4. This hybrid system insight offers a new perspective for optimizing membrane-based ammonia recovery in systems simulating realistic manure wastewater conditions. Based on NH3 permeation and membrane characteristics, the NF90 membrane was operated at pH 9.5, achieving a TAN recovery of 48.3%, with a TAN concentration of 11.7 g/L, corresponding to 0.9% nitrogen. In contrast, the MPF-34 membrane was operated at pH 11.5. The NF90–SW30 system also achieved a TAN recovery of 48.3%, yielding 11.7 g/L of TAN with a nitrogen content of 1.22%. These nitrogen concentrations indicate that both retentate streams are suitable for use as liquid fertilizers in the form of (NH4)2SO4. A preliminary economic assessment estimated the chemical consumption cost at 0.586 EUR/kg and 0.729 EUR/kg of (NH4)2SO4 produced for the NF90–SW30 and MPF-34–SW30 systems, respectively.

This volume reports state-of-the-art research on new membranes, e.g. innovative solutions to fouling. Additionally, as membrane processes produce higher water purity, concerns over lower concentration contaminants (e.g. hormones, drugs, metals, toxins, and other small moclecule contaminants) must be addressed. Several chapters describe the synthesis and use of molecularly imprinted polymers - exciting new materials that can selectively remove compounds at very low concentrations. A number of chapters describe innovative materials and processes for specific metal removal and concentration.

The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the membrane-assisted dark fermentation process for bioH2 production and purification. This review initially analyses the need for and the current state of the art in H2 production through dark fermentation, evaluating the research landscape and the maturity level of the technology. Key factors influencing the dark fermentation process are then examined, along with emerging research trends in membrane-assisted fermentative H2 production systems. This review subsequently addresses the challenges inherent to dark fermentation and explores potential opportunities to enhance H2 production efficiency. Special attention is given to membrane technology as a promising strategy for process intensification in bioH2 production and recovery. Finally, this review provides an in-depth discussion of inorganic membranes, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and thin and ultrathin membranes, evaluating each membrane type in terms of its advantages, limitations, and purification performance. This review offers valuable insights into intensifying the dark fermentation process by leveraging membrane technology to enhance bioH2 production and purification efficiency.

This study reports the development of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes decorated with a copper(II) complex (CuL) for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Using Drimaren Red X-6BN (DRX-6BN) as a probe, the PVDF membrane with the lowest CuL loading (PVDF/PDA/CuL-4) reached an adsorption capacity of 19.78 mg/g at 300 min, with removal of up to 50% DRX-6BN. Kinetic analysis favored Elovich (R2 > 0.9928; RMSE < 0.4489) and the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.9540; RMSE < 1.1388), consistent with chemisorption. Intraparticle diffusion occurred in two steps. In the presence of 20 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the removal was >80% within 180 min at higher CuL loadings (PVDF/PDA/CuL-40). In oily wastewater, PVDF/PDA/CuL-4 achieved ~100% COD removal in 120 min with H2O2, whereas pristine PVDF achieved 38.5%. Storage stability tests demonstrated the preservation of catalytic and separation performance for at least three months. All tests were conducted at pH ≈ 6.0 and a temperature of 25 °C. In contrast to many catalytic membranes, these membranes operate at near-neutral pH and ambient temperature in the absence of radiation. The results highlight PVDF membranes decorated with CuL as a robust and sustainable approach for the treatment of oily effluents, particularly by combining Fenton-like processes under mild conditions.

Plant-based proteins are gaining popularity because of their appeal to vegetarians and vegans, alignment with scientific and regulatory recommendations, and the environmental impact associated with livestock production. Several techniques are employed for the separation, isolation, and purification of plant-based proteins including membrane-based separation, diafiltration, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis, micellar precipitation, and isoelectric precipitation. Despite decades of application, these techniques still have some limitations such as scale-up challenges, high solvent consumption, chemical/biological disposal, and the possibility of protein loss during precipitation or elution. Membrane separation processes are the most effective purification/concentration technology in the production of plant-based protein isolates and concentrates due to their selective separation, simple operational conditions, and easy automation. Membrane separation processes yielded products with higher protein content compared to isoelectric precipitation, and all concentrates presented good functional properties with expected variability among different legumes. This review critically focuses on the membrane technology advances and challenges for the purification of plant-based protein isolates. This study also highlights the plant-based diet trend, the market, composition, and the protein isolate of the faba bean, in addition to the emerging technologies for the elimination of antinutritional compounds.