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The Tip of the Tongue State
This book brings together the body of empirical findings and theoretical interpretations of the tip of the tongue (TOT) experience - when a well-known or familiar word cannot immediately be recalled. Although research has been published on TOTs for over a century, the experience retains its fascination for both cognitive and linguistic researchers.
After a review of various research procedures used to study TOTs, the book offers a summary of attempts to manipulate this rare cognitive experience through cue and prime procedures. Various aspects of the inaccessible target word are frequently available - such as first letter and syllable number - even in the absence of actual retrieval, and the book explores the implications of these bits of target-word information for mechanisms for word storage and retrieval. It also examines: what characteristics of a word make it potentially more vulnerable to a TOT; why words related to the target word (called \"interlopers\") often come to mind; the recovery process, when the momentarily-inaccessible word is recovered shortly after the TOT is first experienced; and efforts to evaluate individual differences in the likelihood to experience TOTs.
eBook
Memory in autism : theory and evidence
Many people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are remarkably proficient at remembering how things look and sound and are good at rote learning. However, all ASD sufferers have poor ability to recall personal memories and relive experiences. This book assembles research to examine why this happens and the effects it has.
BOOK
Supplemental choline to prevent and treat learning and memory deficits of early-life iron deficiency (The SupCHO Study): study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ugandan infants with iron deficiency anemia
Background
Iron deficiency (ID) limits the neurodevelopmental potential of more than 200 million children each year. Iron therapy started when IDA is first diagnosed—typically by screening for anemia or detection of clinical symptoms of IDA at 12 months of age—does not fully correct earlier ID-mediated brain dysfunction, underscoring the need for low-cost, easily implementable adjunct therapies to iron to treat or prevent this dysfunction in high-risk populations. Supplementation with the essential nutrient choline lessens damage done to the developing hippocampus when given with iron in pre-clinical rodent models, and choline supplementation improves hippocampus-mediated memory and learning in 2–3-year-old children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, a condition associated with hippocampal damage and one for which ID is a component of the neuropathology. Choline has not been tested in children with IDA. Our overall aim is to conduct a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test whether nine months of daily choline supplementation along with standard iron therapy improves hippocampus-dependent neurobehavioral outcomes in Ugandan infants with IDA.
Methods
Three hundred 6-month-old infants with IDA who present to immunization clinics at Mulago and Kawempe National Referral Hospitals in Kampala, Uganda, will be randomized to iron plus choline or iron plus placebo. Iron (oral ferrous sulfate 2 mg/kg/day) will be given for the first 3 months of follow-up, and a dispersible tablet of choline (200 mg as choline bitartrate) or identical placebo will be given daily for all 9 months of follow-up. We will conduct neurobehavioral tests assessing hippocampus-specific memory and attention and global cognition at enrollment (when each infant is 6 months of age) and after 9 months of follow-up (when each infant is 15 months of age).
Discussion
If we find a neurobehavioral benefit when choline is given along with iron, choline could be added immediately to standard of care treatment for IDA. This low-cost intervention could safely mitigate the brain dysfunction of early-life ID that is often not diagnosed until the hippocampal critical window is closing, providing life-long benefit for both the individual and the economic and social prosperity of entire regions.
Trial registration
Clinical trials.gov NCT06527391. Registered on 24 July 2024.
Journal Article
Memory activity book : engaging ways to stimulate the brain, for people living with memory loss or dementia
More than 70 brain-stimulating activities for people with memory loss or dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Physical and mental activities along with social interaction may help maintain your brain health and slow the progress of memory loss and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. They can also provide a meaningful way to connect. This book is packed with fun and creative ideas, from nature walks, gardening, and exercise to arts, crafts, puzzles, and games. Each activity includes step-by-step instructions, the specific benefits, and ways to adapt the activity for different abilities. Designed for people with memory loss or dementia along with their family, friends, and caregivers, AARP's Memory Activity Book is a valuable resource for everyone touched by these conditions.
Book
Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia
There is increasing clinical and molecular evidence for the role of hormones and specifically estrogen and its receptor in schizophrenia. A selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, stimulates estrogen-like activity in brain and can improve cognition in older adults. The present study tested the extent to which adjunctive raloxifene treatment improved cognition and reduced symptoms in young to middle-age men and women with schizophrenia. Ninety-eight patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited into a dual-site, thirteen-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of adjunctive raloxifene treatment in addition to their usual antipsychotic medications. Symptom severity and cognition in the domains of working memory, attention/processing speed, language and verbal memory were assessed at baseline, 6 and 13 weeks. Analyses of the initial 6-week phase of the study using a parallel groups design (with 39 patients receiving placebo and 40 receiving raloxifene) revealed that participants receiving adjunctive raloxifene treatment showed significant improvement relative to placebo in memory and attention/processing speed. There was no reduction in symptom severity with treatment compared with placebo. There were significant carryover effects, suggesting some cognitive benefits are sustained even after raloxifene withdrawal. Analysis of the 13-week crossover data revealed significant improvement with raloxifene only in attention/processing speed. This is the first study to show that daily, oral adjunctive raloxifene treatment at 120 mg per day has beneficial effects on attention/processing speed and memory for both men and women with schizophrenia. Thus, raloxifene may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
Journal Article
One week friends. 5
Hearing Hajime's story about the friendship he once shared with Kaori leads Yuuki to help reunite the pair. With a new old friend now in the mix, Kaori needs more than one diary to avoid starting every week from zero. But when Hajime and Kaori start to display a special bond that can be shared only by longtime friends, Yuuki is forced to wonder exactly what sort of relationship he wants with someone whose memory of him lasts only so long ...
Book
Integrating the Memory Support Intervention into the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C): can improving memory for treatment in midlife and older adults improve patient outcomes? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Background
Poor memory for treatment is associated with poorer treatment adherence and poorer patient outcomes. The memory support intervention (MSI) was developed to improve patient memory for treatment with the goal of improving patient outcomes. The aim of this study protocol is to conduct a confirmatory efficacy trial to test whether a new, streamlined, and potent version of the MSI improves outcomes for midlife and older adults. This streamlined MSI is comprised of constructive memory supports that will be applied to a broader range of treatment content. The platform for this study is the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C). We will focus on midlife and older adults who are low income and experiencing mobility impairments.
Methods
Participants (
N
= 178) will be randomly allocated to TranS-C + MSI or TranS-C alone. Both intervention arms include eight 50-min weekly sessions. Assessments will be conducted at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 6-, and 12-month follow-up (6FU and 12FU). Aim 1 will compare the effects of TranS-C + MSI versus TranS-C alone on sleep and circadian functioning, daytime functioning, well-being, and patient memory. Aim 2 will test whether patient memory for treatment mediates the relationship between treatment condition and patient outcomes. Aim 3 will evaluate if previously reported poor treatment response subgroups will moderate the relationship between treatment condition and (a) patient memory for treatment and (b) treatment outcome. Exploratory analyses will compare treatment condition on (a) patient adherence, patient-rated treatment credibility, and patient utilization of treatment contents, and (b) provider-rated acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility.
Discussion
This study has the potential to provide evidence for (a) the efficacy of a new simplified version of the MSI for maintaining health, well-being, and functioning, (b) the wider application of the MSI for midlife and older adults and to the treatment of sleep and circadian problems, and (c) the efficacy of the MSI for sub-groups who are likely to benefit from the intervention.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05986604. Registered on 2 August 2023.
Journal Article
NK3
\"In post-NK3 Los Angeles, a sixty-foot-tall fence surrounds the hills where the rich used to live, but the mansions have been taken over by those with the only power that matters: the power of memory. Life for the community inside the Fence, ruled over by the new aristocracy, the Verified, is a perpetual party. Outside the Fence, in downtown Los Angeles, the Verified use an invented mythology to keep control over the mindless and nameless Drifters, Shamblers, and Bottle Bangers who serve the gift economy until no longer needed. The ruler, Chief, takes his guidance from gigantic effigies of a man and a woman in the heart of the Fence\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Myelin degeneration and diminished myelin renewal contribute to age-related deficits in memory
Cognitive decline remains an unaddressed problem for the elderly. We show that myelination is highly active in young mice and greatly inhibited in aged mice, coinciding with spatial memory deficits. Inhibiting myelination by deletion of Olig2 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells impairs spatial memory in young mice, while enhancing myelination by deleting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, or promoting oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination via clemastine treatment, rescues spatial memory decline during aging.Wang et al. show that myelination is greatly inhibited in aged brains. Enhancing myelination by ablation of M1R in OPCs or clemastine treatment promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and consequently rescues spatial memory decline during aging.
Journal Article