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"Mentally Disabled Persons -- psychology"
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The Social Construction of Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is usually thought of as a form of internal, individual affliction, little different from diabetes, paralysis or chronic illness. This study, the first book-length application of discursive psychology to intellectual disability, shows that what we usually understand as being an individual problem is actually an interactional, or social, product. Through a range of case studies, which draw upon ethnomethodological and conversation analytic scholarship, the book shows how persons categorized as 'intellectually disabled' are produced, as such, in and through their moment-by-moment interaction with care staff and other professionals. Mark Rapley extends and reformulates current work in disability studies and offers a reconceptualisation of intellectual disability as both a professionally ascribed diagnostic category and an accomplished - and contested - social identity. Importantly, the book is grounded in data drawn from naturally-occurring, rather than professionally orchestrated, social interaction.
eBook
Profound intellectual and multiple disabilities : nursing complex needs
PROFOUND INTELLECTUAL AND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES
Nursing Complex Needs
Children and adults with profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD) are among the most marginalised people in society. They have some of the highest support needs and are most reliant on services. This accessible and practical text presents and promotes current best practice regarding interventions to meet the complex health needs of a person with profound and multiple learning disabilities.
Divided into two sections, Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities first looks at assessing complex needs, exploring topics such as communication, maintaining health, and quality of life. Part two then discusses meeting complex needs, looking at topics such as mental health problems, epilepsy, vision impairment, aural health, respiratory health, nutrition, and dysphagia.
KEY FEATURES:
* Examines current theory and practice in supporting people with profound and multiple learning disabilities and/or complex needs
* Identifies the key knowledge and skills required by learning disability nurses and other health care professionals
* Provides evidence-based best-practice guidelines about caring for people with PMLD
* Offers insights into parent carer and professional carer experiences
eBook
Housing First, Consumer Choice, and Harm Reduction for Homeless Individuals With a Dual Diagnosis
Objectives. We examined the longitudinal effects of a Housing First program for homeless, mentally ill individuals’ on those individuals’ consumer choice, housing stability, substance use, treatment utilization, and psychiatric symptoms. Methods. Two hundred twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to receive housing contingent on treatment and sobriety (control) or to receive immediate housing without treatment prerequisites (experimental). Interviews were conducted every 6 months for 24 months. Results. The experimental group obtained housing earlier, remained stably housed, and reported higher perceived choice. Utilization of substance abuse treatment was significantly higher for the control group, but no differences were found in substance use or psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions. Participants in the Housing First program were able to obtain and maintain independent housing without compromising psychiatric or substance abuse symptoms.
Journal Article
Quality of Life Indicators for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities: Extending Current Practice
Quality of life is a social construct that is measured by what are considered to be its most appropriate indicators. Quality of life measurement in intellectual disability reflects a variety of indicators, often grouped under life domains. Subjective and objective methods of measuring indicators each have strengths and drawbacks, but it is currently considered best to use both methods. Indicators of quality of life that are common to all people have been measured to date, although indicators that are unique to individuals are highly useful for enhancing individual development and for applying person-centered practice. Aggregate quality of life data from individuals may not always be the best source of information for evaluating policies and service practices. A case is made for supplementing quality of life frameworks or adopting other frameworks for these purposes, with the Capabilities Framework offered as an example. Further, an argument is made that a pragmatic approach might best be taken to policy and program evaluation, whereby the key criterion for using a conceptual framework and set of indicators is its usefulness in effecting positive change in people's lives.
Journal Article
What Types of Jobs Do People with Disabilities Want?
Introduction
Do non-employed people with disabilities want to work, and if so, what types of jobs do they want? Researchers seeking to explain the low employment rate among people with disabilities have focused primarily on skill gaps, employment disincentives from disability income, accommodation mandates, and (to a lesser extent) employer attitudes and unwelcoming corporate cultures. There has been little attention paid to the attitudes of non-employed people with disabilities.
Methods
This paper uses the 2006 General Social Survey, a representative national survey of US adults that has disability information and a special supplement on worker preferences, to examine the above question.
Results
We find that, relative to their non-disabled counterparts, non-employed people with disabilities are (a) as likely to want a job but less likely to be actively searching, (b) as likely to have prior job experience, and (c) similar in their views of the importance of income, job security, and other valued job characteristics. The results, which vary little by type of impairment, indicate that the low employment rate of people with disabilities is not due to their reluctance to work or different job preferences.
Conclusion
Combined with evidence that a large share of new jobs can be performed by people with disabilities, the findings point toward the value of dismantling barriers to employment facing many people with disabilities.
Journal Article
Issues Concerning Self-Report Data and Population-Based Data Sets Involving People With Intellectual Disabilities
This article examines two methodological issues regarding ways of obtaining and analyzing outcome data for people with intellectual disabilities: (a) self-report and proxy-report data and (b) analysis of population-based data sets. Some people with intellectual disabilities have difficulties with self-reporting due to problems of understanding and communication. However, there are serious doubts about the validity of proxy data for subjective issues. One important challenge with secondary analysis of population-based data sets is the difficulty of accurately identifying survey participants with intellectual disabilities. In both areas examined, it is important to recognize these constraints when interpreting research based on such data.
Journal Article
Explicit Disability Bias in Peer Review
Iezzoni discusses his experience of being rejected in peer review, the importance of peer review in research publication improvement, and the discriminatory attitudes towards people with disability. She mentions the research study on people with physical disability and serious mental illness, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcome Research Institute (PCORI).
Journal Article
Effectiveness of the serious game ‘You & I’ in changing mentalizing abilities of adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities: a parallel superiority randomized controlled trial
Background
Persons with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities generally show dysfunctions in mentalization and stress regulation, resulting in problematic social relationships and personal distress. Intervention programs may improve mentalizing abilities. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the serious game ‘You & I’ in changing mentalizing abilities and stress regulation in adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities.
Methods
A two-arm, parallel, superiority randomized controlled trial will be used with 172 adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group to play the serious game ‘You & I’ or a waitlist control group. Participants will be assessed at baseline, post intervention (5 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (6–8 weeks after post intervention). They also will fill in questionnaires for personal factors, personal development, personal well-being, social validity, autism spectrum quotient (demographic variables), mentalizing abilities (primary outcome measure), and stress regulation (secondary outcome measure).
Discussion
The serious game ‘You & I’ aims to improve mentalizing abilities in adults with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities, which is expected to lead to improved regulation of stress in social relationships. The study’s unique feature is the use of a serious game to improve mentalizing abilities. If the intervention is effective, the serious game can be implemented on a broad scale in Dutch care organizations for people with intellectual disabilities as an effective preventive tool to improve mentalizing abilities.
Trial registration
Netherlands Trial Register,
NTR7418
. Registered on 2 August 2018.
Journal Article