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"Metals, Heavy - analysis"
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Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Gangetic Plain: A Multivariate Statistical and Index-Based Study
Groundwater in the Gangetic Plain of India is increasingly vulnerable to heavy metal contamination, raising serious public health concerns. This study analyzed 12 heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Se, Mo, Cd, and Co) in 30 groundwater samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical evaluations included Shapiro-Wilk normalization, Pearson correlation (SPSS v25), and Principal Component Analysis (OriginLab v10.15). Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) analyses were performed. The results showed that 70% of the samples from Ballia exceeded the HPI threshold (>100), with the highest value being 328.77. Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) were the dominant contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, with HI values peaked at 28,334.8. The carcinogenic risk values for As and Ni exceeded the acceptable limits in all districts, with Prayagraj and Ballia showing total CR values of 2.17 and 3.00, respectively. Strong correlations among metals (e.g., Cd–Mn, r = 0.80) suggest anthropogenic origins, particularly from industrial and agricultural sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for routine monitoring, point-source control, and localized treatment to ensure groundwater safety.
Journal Article
Efficacy of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for the treatment of tannery and surgical industry wastewater under citric acid amendment: a lab scale study
Contamination of land and aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals (HMs) is a global issue having the persistent potential to damage the quality of food and water. In the present study,
Tagetes erecta
L. plants were used to assess their potential to uptake HMs from wastewater. Plants were grown in soil for 20 days and then transplanted in hydroponic system containing Hoagland nutrient solution. After more than 15 days of growth, plants were then subjected to wastewater from tannery and surgical industries in different concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% in combination of citric acid (5 and 10 mM). After 6 weeks of treatment, plants were collected and segmented into roots, stem, and leaves for characterizing the morphological properties including plant height, roots length, fresh and dry mass of roots, stem, and leaves. For evaluation of the effect of wastewater on the plants, photosynthetic pigments; soluble proteins; reactive oxygen species (ROS); antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT, and APX; and metal accumulation were analyzed. Application of industrial wastewater revealed a significant effect on plant morphology under wastewater treatments. Overall growth and physiological attributes of plant decreased, and metal accumulation enhanced with increasing concentration of wastewater. Similarly, the production of ROS and antioxidant enzymes were also increased. Chlorophyll, protein content, and enzyme production enhanced with CA (5 and 10 mM) mediation; however, ROS production and EL were reduced. Metals analysis showed that the maximum accumulation of Pb was in roots, while Cr and Ni in the stem which further increased under CA mediation. Overall, the metal accumulation ability was in the order of Pb > Ni > Cr under CA.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Identification and quantification of selected heavy metals by ICP-OES in skin whitening creams marketed in Pakistan
The use of skin-whitening cosmetics in Pakistan has increased exponentially. The presence of heavy metals as contaminants in these products has raised public concerns about their long-term application and health effects. There are many risks associated with sub-standard and unauthorized beauty products available in the market. The main purpose of the present study is to detect the selected metals in the skin whitening creams available in the local market of Faisalabad, Pakistan, by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and assess their hazardous effects on human health. Twelve beauty products were procured from the local market based on their popularity among university students and were investigated for heavy metals, i.e., arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni). The samples were prepared using microwave-assisted acid digestion in concentrated acids HNO
3
: HClO
4
(5:2). The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples exceeded the World Health Organization permissible limits (WHO). The average concentration of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As, and Hg in the samples ranged between 0.03–12.40, 0.01–70.97, 0.32–32.40, 0.0–0.74, 0.01–3.30, and 1.12–67.41 mg kg
−1
, respectively. The results of the hazardous quotient (HQ) represent that K11 had the maximum HQ concerning As, Cd, and Hg. It was inferred from the present study that most skin whitening products may cause health hazards to consumers due to the presence of higher concentrations of heavy metals.
Journal Article
Evaluation of heavy metal risk potential in Bogacayi River water (Antalya, Turkey)
This study analyzed 25 river water samples collected from the Bogacayi River in Antalya, Turkey, to evaluate the potential risk of pollution by heavy metals. Concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and V were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method was validated prior to analysis in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and recovery. In addition, a certified standard (SPS-SW2 surface water) was used to verify method trueness. Method validation data and results obtained from the certified material suggested that the method could be applied to determine elemental compositions of the samples. Although various concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Sr were found in the samples, no Hg, V, Co, and Se concentrations were found. The highest concentration of Pb, Cd, and As was found in the samples from the 22nd, 16th, and 5th sampling stations, respectively. Concentrations of the studied elements were aligned from high to low as Sr > Ba > Ni > Cr > Cu > Mn > Pb > As > Cd. To evaluate the risk potential of metallic pollution, the data were used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI values were found to be in the range from 7.81 to 43.97 (mean 25.48). Samples from upstream seemed to show lower risk potentials (<15) than those from downstream (>30); however, all HPI values were lower than 100, which is the critical HPI value for drinking safety.
Journal Article
Wastewater remediation of heavy metals and pesticides using rice straw and/or zeolite as bioadsorbents and assessment of treated wastewater reuse in the culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
The remediation of wastewater (WW) is a promising solution for limited water sources. This study aimed to evaluate rice straw (RS) and zeolite (Z) as bioadsorbents for the removal of pollutants, including heavy metals (HMs) (cadmium [Cd], nickel [Ni], and lead [Pb]) and malathion (PC), from WW and to assess the suitability of reusing remediated WW in fish rearing units. A total of 11 treatment groups with 3 replicates each were designed with different combinations of RS and/or Z for the treatment of real WW contaminated with HMs and malathion, where the WW remained in contact with the adsorbents for 24 h. Different remediated WWs were used for rearing Nile tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
), which were randomly allocated into 33 glass aquaria representing 11 treatments with 3 replicates each for 30 days. The best remediation efficiency was achieved using a mixture of whole RS (WRS), chopped RS (CRS), and Z (HM-PC-WRS-CRS-Z group), with removal percentages of 92%, 95%, 96%, and 99% for Cd, Ni, Pb, and malathion, respectively. The health status of the aquatic ecosystems was assessed through blood tests to characterize biochemical parameters and through pathological changes of cultured
O. niloticus
reared in treated WW. A significant (
P
˂ 0.05) effect on the blood biochemistry of fish reared in treated WW was found and better biochemical and histologic architecture was observed than that of fish reared in untreated WW. A novel mixture of WRS, CRS, and Z could possibly be a promising low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Determination of some heavy metal levels in soft drinks on the Ghanaian market using atomic absorption spectrometry method
Twenty-three soft drink samples (i.e., four pineapple-based fruit drinks, eight citrus-based fruit juices, one soya-based drink, three cola carbonated drinks, one apple-based fruit drink, and six cocktail fruit drinks) were randomly purchased from retail outlets in an urban market in Accra and analyzed for the concentrations of iron, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, lead, and copper using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of iron and cadmium were 0.723 ± 0.448 mg/L and 0.032 ± 0.012 mg/L, respectively. The mean cobalt concentration was 0.071 ± 0.049 mg/L, while the mean Zn concentration in the samples was 0.060 ± 0.097 mg/L. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cu in the fruit juice samples were 0.178 ± 0.091 mg/L and 0.053 ± 0.063 mg/L respectively. About 78 % of the samples exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 0.3 mg/L prescribed for iron, whereas all the samples exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 0.005 mg/L prescribed for cadmium. About 91 % of the samples exceeded the EU maximum contaminant level prescribed for lead insoft drinks.
Journal Article
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in different genotypes of wheat crops irrigated with different sources of water in agricultural regions
The study was carried out to evaluate the health risks associated with accumulation of cadmium in the different genotypes of wheat, grown in agricultural regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Five genotypes irrigated with three varied water sources were selected randomly from each region. Among all sources of water, types of soil, and grain samples, the cadmium (Cd) quantities were found (2.24–2.82 mg/L, 1.75–4.16 mg/kg, 0.86–1.90, respectively), exceeding the maximum permissible limits (0.01 mg/L, 1.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, respectively) described by FAO/WHO. The pollution load index (PLI) exhibited by all of the samples was higher than 1.00, the permissible limit; however, other factors including bioaccumulation, translocation, bio-concentration, daily intake, and enrichment values of Cd were less than 1.00. Moreover, the health risk index for cadmium in all types of wheat grain samples was less than 1.00. The study concluded that the continuous use of wastewater resources may lead to the accumulation of cadmium in the vital body organs that may cause severe health hazards.
Journal Article
Source Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution Using UNMIX and PMF Models in Soils along the Shuimo River in Urumqi, China
Eight kinds of heavy metals in soil within 0–2 km from the banks of Shuimo River in Urumqi were analyzed by using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and national standard detection methods. Unmix and PMF models are comprehensively used to analyze potential pollutant sources and contribution rates. Soil samples are sampled in three layers of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm, and each group of sample points in each layer is 5 m, 1 km, and 2 km away from the riverbank, respectively. Only the average concentration of Mn in each layer of soil is lower than the background value, according to the analytical results, while the average concentration of other heavy metals surpasses the background value. The highest proportion of exceeding the background value is Ni in the 40–60 cm soil layer, up to 1.92 times. Unmix and PMF models are used to analyze pollutants’ source quantity and contribution rate, respectively. The results show that the two models can identify two pollution sources at the three soil layers, and their contribution rates are similar, and each index of the analysis results of the two models is within the required range of model reliability. By comparing with the Pearson correlation coefficient and distribution map of heavy metal concentration in surface soil, it is concluded that Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu are mainly from industrial sewage and air pollution from coal combustion, while As, Mn, Ni, and V are mainly from agricultural pollution and light industrial pollution. In future research, it is necessary to investigate the change of heavy metal concentration in detail from the time dimension to further quantitatively calculate the potential pollutant source and contribution rate.
Journal Article
Ecological risk assessment of metals in sediments and selective plants of Uchalli Wetland Complex (UWC)—a Ramsar site
Wetlands act as kidneys of land and facilitate remediation of metals and other harmful pollutants through uptake by aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study was to investigate metal concentrations in sediments and plants, sources of metal origin, and contamination level in Uchalli Wetland Complex. Sediment samples were collected from 15 randomly selected sites. Metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Mn) in sediments and macrophytes were determined during summer and winter seasons using the inductively coupled plasma technique. Metal concentrations in sediments during summer and winter seasons were in the order as follows: As > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb > Cu and As > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd >Cu respectively. All analyzed metals were within European Union (EU) limits. In macrophytes, these metals were in the order as follows: Mn > As > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cd > Cu > Pb and As > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb during summer and winter seasons respectively. Contamination degree (C
d
) (1.023–5.309) for these lakes showed low contamination during both seasons; mC
d
values (below 1.5) showed very little contamination degree, while the pollution load index (0.012 to 0.0386) indicated no metal pollution in these lakes. PCA applied on sediment showed that Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd had anthropogenic sources of origin. As and Mn were due to natural processes while Ni could be resultant of both anthropogenic and natural sources. PCA on macrophytes showed that Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu; Cd, As; Mn had anthropogenic, natural, and anthropogenic + natural sources of origin. The study concluded that metal concentrations in sediments were not up to dangerous level.
Journal Article