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A total of 357 specimens belonging to nineteen species of bats collected from Bursa and Kütahya Provinces, Türkiye, were examined for mite ectoparasites. Related bat species were collected and studied about ectoparasitologically. For this purpose stereo and light microscopic methods used. Bat species, bat number, acari species, acari number and their gender, infected numbers were determined. The bats were found to harbour nine acarid species: Eyndhovenia euryalis, E. myoti, Steatonyssus noctulus, Steatonyssus sp., Ixodes vespertilionis, Dermanyssus sp., Ornithonyssus desultarius, Anchystropus zelebarii and Macronyssus aristippe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of acarids on Rhinolophus euryale and Myotis daubentoni. New area and host records are reported.

Phoretic mites are likely the most abundant arthropods found on carcases and corpses. They outnumber their scavenger carriers in both number and diversity. Many phoretic mites travel on scavenger insects and are highly specific; they will arrive on a particular species of host and no other. Because of this, they may be useful as trace indicators of their carriers even when their carriers are absent. Phoretic mites can be valuable markers of time. They are usually found in a specialised transitional transport or dispersal stage, often moulting and transforming to adults shortly after arrival on a carcase or corpse. Many are characterised by faster development and generation cycles than their carriers. Humans are normally unaware, but we too carry mites; they are skin mites that are present in our clothes. More than 212 phoretic mite species associated with carcases have been reported in the literature. Among these, mites belonging to the Mesostigmata form the dominant group, represented by 127 species with 25 phoretic mite species belonging to the family Parasitidae and 48 to the Macrochelidae. Most of these mesostigmatids are associated with particular species of flies or carrion beetles, though some are associated with small mammals arriving during the early stages of decomposition. During dry decay, members of the Astigmata are more frequently found; 52 species are phoretic on scavengers, and the majority of these travel on late-arriving scavengers such as hide beetles, skin beetles and moths. Several species of carrion beetles can visit a corpse simultaneously, and each may carry 1-10 species of phoretic mites. An informative diversity of phoretic mites may be found on a decaying carcass at any given time. The composition of the phoretic mite assemblage on a carcass might provide valuable information about the conditions of and time elapsed since death.

Over recent years, there has been a growing interest in bacteria from the genus Anaplasma, especially the species A. marginale, A. ovis and A. phagocytophilum. Anaplasmosis, a disease caused by various species of Anaplasma, is an especially important issue for animal breeders. The main vectors of these bacteria are ticks, especially the genera Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. The genus Anaplasma includes obligate intracellular bacteria, parasitizing in the vacuoles of cells in eukaryotic hosts. A. marginale, A. centrale, A. ovis and A. bovis are obligate intracellular bacteria parasitizing in erythrocytes and monocytes of higher vertebrates, mostly ruminants. A. platys is mainly a pathogen of canines (displaying tropism to thrombocytes) and the species A. phagocytophilum (displaying tropism to granulocytes) is pathogenic to people and domestic animals. In this paper we present characteristics and differentiation of six species of the genus Anaplasma and their vectors in the world.

Vaccines based on recombinant Bm86 gut antigen from Boophilus microplus are a useful component of integrated control strategies against B. microplus infestations of cattle. The capacity of such vaccines to control heterologous infestations by two African tick species was investigated. The mean weight of engorged female ticks and mean egg mass per tick were significantly reduced in B. decoloratus infestations, but there was no effect of the vaccine against adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. We cloned, sequenced and expressed two Bm86 homologues (Bd86) from B. decoloratus. Amino acid sequence identity between Bd86 homologues (Bd86-1 and Bd86-2) and Bm86 was 86% and 85%, respectively, compared to 93% identity between the variants. Native Bd86 protein in B. decoloratus tick mid-gut sections and recombinant Bd86-1 reacted strongly with sera from TickGARD vaccinated cattle. TickGARD can therefore protect against a heterologous tick species with multiple antigen sequences. Epitope mapping using sera from TickGARD-vaccinated cattle identified two linear peptides conserved between the Bd86 homologues and Bm86. These epitopes represent candidate synthetic peptide vaccines for control of Boophilus spp. and the pathogens transmitted by these tick vectors.

This new edition of Lyme Disease provides up-to-date evidence-based research and covers the significant advances in our understanding of the disorders referred to as Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis. This book explores the causative organism, its requisite ecosystem, disease epidemiology, host-Borrelia interactions, diagnostic testing, clinical manifestations, therapeutic options, the role of host immunity on pathogenesis and long term prognosis. The authors provide balanced perspectives on all aspects of Lyme disease and explicitly review both the basic biology of the infection and practical clinical aspects.This new edition: Includes new borrelial pathogens that have been identified (B. miyamotoi, B. mayonii and B. bavariensis among others). Provides updated information on the molecular biology of the organism, neuroborreliosis, and the role of the C6 peptide in diagnosis. Discusses the controversies about 'chronic Lyme disease', post Lyme disease syndrome and other ongoing but non-specific symptoms that have been attributed to this infection.As the endemic footprint of Lyme disease continues to grow, this book provides a broad and detailed guide for clinicians and researchers involved with the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Covering biology, epidemiology and therapeutics, it is also essential reading for students of global health and infectious disease.

Invasive alien plants and animals are known for their disruption of ecosystems and threat to biodiversity. This book highlights their major impact on human health. This includes not only direct effects through contact with the species via bites, wounds and disease, but also indirect effects caused by changes induced in ecosystems by invasive species, such as more water hyacinth increasing mosquito levels and thereby the potential for malaria. Covering a wide range of case studies from different taxa (animals and plants), and giving an overview of the diverse impacts of invasive species on health in developed and developing countries, the book is a significant contribution that will help in prioritizing approaches to controlling invasive species and mitigating their health effects. It covers invasive plants, marine species, spiders and other arachnids, ticks and dust mites, insects, mosquitos and other diptera, freshwater species (invertebrates and fishes), amphibians and reptiles, birds and mammals. Key Features Collects together the major health impacts for the first timeCovers animal and plant invasive speciesExamines issues in developed and developing countries The broad spectrum of the analyzed case studies will ensure the appeal of the book to a wide public, including researchers of biological invasions, doctors, policy-makers and managers, and students of invasive species in ecology, animal and plant biology and public health medicine.

Spanning two volumes, this is the most comprehensive work on tick biology and tick-borne diseases.

Widespread and increasing resistance to most available acaracides threatens both global livestock industries and public health. This necessitates better understanding of ticks and the diseases they transmit in the development of new control strategies. Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control is written by an international collection of experts and covers in-depth information on aspects of the biology of the ticks themselves, various veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogens, and aspects of traditional and potential new control methods. A valuable resource for graduate students, academic researchers and professionals, the book covers the whole gamut of ticks and tick-borne diseases from microsatellites to satellite imagery and from exploiting tick saliva for therapeutic drugs to developing drugs to control tick populations. It encompasses the variety of interconnected fields impinging on the economically important and biologically fascinating phenomenon of ticks, the diseases they transmit and methods of their control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of game mammals (roe deer, red deer, wild boar) and ticks in the circulation of some pathogens (genera Anaplasma, Bartonella, Theileria, Babesia) in north-western Poland. PCR was used to identify DNA sequences isolated from the blood and spleen of game animals and from Ixodes ricinus. Our results showed that roe and red deer played an important role in the life cycle of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, two Bartonella species, Theileria and Babesia spp, whereas in the isolates obtained from 50 wild boars, the DNA of only one pathogen, A. phagocytophilum, occurred. In total, 63.5% of 74 PCR+ isolates from roe deer showed a double coinfection and three isolates showed a triple coinfection. In the tissues of red deer, the coinfections were triple in 38% of individuals, double in 40%, single in 84%.

Ectoparasites increase birds' morbidity by sucking blood and causing irritation to them hence affects their economic production. In the current study comparative prevalence of ectoparasites was studied in domesticated and wild black (Francolinus francolinus) and grey partridges (Francolinus pondicerianus) from Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa province of Pakistan. Sixteen species of ectoparasites, including eight lice, four mite, three tick and one flea species, were collected from 88 out of 110 (80%) wild/domesticated black and grey partridges by using standard methods and identified by using taxonomic keys. 53 grey partridges (33 domesticated and 20 wild) were infested by seven lice species (Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gall, Menacanthus stramineus, Genero columbicola, Lipeurus caponis, Brueelia coquimbana, Coculogaster heterographus), three species of ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes pacificus, Amblyomma maculatum) 2 species of mites (Ornithonyssus syliarum, Dermanyssus gallinae) and a flea species (Pulex irritans). While 57 black partridges (35 domesticated and 22 wild) were infested by 7 species of lices (Coculogaster heterographus, Brueelia coquimbana, Menacanthus stramineus, Genero columbicola, Menopon gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Goniodes gigas), four species of mites (Tyroglyphus spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus syliarum, Sternostoma tracheacolum), two species of ticks (Ixodes pacificus, Amblyomma americanum) and a flea specie (Pullex irritans).