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Twigs, branches, and ramifications: narratives of vegetative multiplication and solidification from which soar umbrellas of foliage, generators of soft shade whence Alain Corbin draws a \"source of emotions.\" Referring to John Evelyn's 1664 book Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-Trees, Karen Pinkus recalls the arboreal metaphor in the very notion of matter: the Greeks used the same term—hyle—for forest trees and matter itself. Fuel, wood, and material(ism) form a knot: \"So it was not for nothing that the very name (which the Greeks generally apply'd to timber) hyle, by synecdoche, was taken always pro materia; since we hardly find anything in Nature more universally useful; or, in comparison with it, deserving the name of material; it being, in truth, as the mother parent and (metaphorically) the passive principal ready for the form,\" as Evelyn writes.

The topic of metonymy regularity has cropped up in several recent articles, a welcome sign of growing interest in this phenomenon, which may eventually contribute towards shedding more light on the phenomenon of metonymic competence, paralleling metaphoric competence (Littlemore Low, 2006). However, in order to deal with this complex phenomenon one should be clear about the circumstances of the use of metonymy. Two issues pertaining to the use of metonymy that play a central role in Slabakova, Cabrelli Amaro Kang (2013 2016) are mentioned in the very title of their study—novel metonymy and regular metonymy. In this article I draw attention to some problems with the assumption that these are opposites of each other and then examine what Slabakova, Cabrelli Amaro Kang consider to be regular metonymy. I demonstrate that while their novel metonymies are not really so different from the regular ones, there is another sense of metonymy regularity in cognitive linguistics, where metonymy seems to come closest it can to novelty. This phenomenon, referred to as regular metonymy, logical metonymy or logical polysemy, crosses boundaries of languages and cultures. This is illustrated on several sets of examples from medical discourse in a number of languages.

When Roman Jakobson, based on his exploration of the problem of aphasia, distinguishes two aspects that characterize language – metaphoricity and metonymy – he touches on an important issue that will become a central theme for some of his followers. This question is the materiality of language. From the point of view of the aphatic himself, metaphoricity and metonymy express two extreme ways of relating to the material of language. A productive elaboration of this thesis in the history of semiotics has been provided by Julia Kristeva, who radicalizes Jakobson’s conclusions by working with the fundamental concepts of Freudian psychoanalysis. In the paper, I will compare Kristeva’s approach to that of Jacques Lacan and attempt to reconstruct the theoretical assumptions that allow Kristeva to ascribe to metaphor a privileged role that consists of the constant opening of the sphere of the sign towards the body of the subject. To illustrate some important aspects, I will turn to Vítězslav Nezval’s novella (1931), where the connection between language and body plays a central role.

Yaghma Jandaghi is one of the most famous and prominent poets of the Qajar era who has written significant sonnets with moral and romantic content. Since the beginning of Persian poetry till now, rhetoric has always been taken into special consideration by poets, and one of the fundamental issues of rhetoric in any language is poetic imagination forms, including four general topics, namely simile, metaphor, irony, and metonymy, the thoughtful and appropriate use of which can add to the imaginative aspect as well as the richness of poems. Yaghmai Jandaghi's sonnets are highly important in terms of the inclusion of rhetoric, especially rhetoric and the use of poetic imagery. Yaghma’s sonnets contain moral and romantic themes, written in different meters and mainly in a style similar to that of Hafez’s poems. Since little attention has been paid to the issue of imagination forms in Yaghmai Jandaghi’s poems, in the present research, an attempt has been made to analyze the imagery techniques used in the sonnets of Yaghmai Jandaghi with an in-depth view and with respect to the poet's taste in using them as an aesthetic approach and expressive and artistic technique so that a manifestation of his poetic merits can be presented to the audience.

The paper studies the language of sadness in English on a corpus of conventional expressions and aims at investigating the choice of prepositions combined with a number of sadness terms (e.g. ). The paper finds that the prepositional phrases name the causes triggering sadness and there are correlations between the prepositions and and the types of causes combined together, which can be explained the metaphorical meanings of the prepositions.

In the final extant book of Lucan’s Bellum Civile , the Egyptian priest Acoreus outlines theories surrounding the Nile flood and previous attempts to access the source of the Nile (Luc. 10.194–331). This elaborate digression—which emphasises the river’s scale (Luc. 10.298–331), its relationships with celestial bodies (Luc. 10.225–35, 259–61), and the unknowability of its origins (Luc. 10.213–14, 271)—frames the Nile as a cosmic landscape, a universal wonder, and source of the sublime from a distinctly cosmic perspective. As has been shown by scholars such as Eleni Manolaraki, Lucan follows the lead of Homer and Manilius (Hom. Od. 4.477, 581; Manil. 3.273–74) to conceive of the Nile in celestial terms, the latter of whom represents a crucial if overlooked influence on the Bellum Civile . This article considers the Nile digression’s debts to Manilius’s conceptions of Egypt and his modes of inquiry into sublime and quasi-cosmic entities; the episode’s status as a site where scientific, didactic, and poetic traditions converge; and the metonymic implications of the Nile’s sublime character for our reading of Lucan’s Egypt. After highlighting the parallels between Lucanian and Manilian representations of the Nile, I will show that, while detailing how to inquire into the Nile’s secrets (Luc. 10.194–98, 268–87), Lucan’s Acoreus recalls Manilius’s guidelines for engaging with and understanding the (sublime) cosmos (Manil. 2.122–27; Volk 2001). I suggest that, in doing so, Lucan equates the river with Manilius’s cosmos and, by extension, the brilliant and dangerous shades of the sublime which it embodies. Finally, given Lucan’s metonymic use of Nilus to refer to Egypt, I then consider the implications of acknowledging the Nile’s sublime qualities for our understanding of the Bellum Civile ’s wider representations of Egypt and its peoples.

The present study investigates paradox as a cognitive phenomenon within the framework of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, challenging its conventional classification as a rhetorical device. Focusing on Persian mystical literature, the research explores how paradox functions as a dynamic meaning-making mechanism in figurative language. The primary aim is to redefine paradox through cognitive linguistics, demonstrating its integration with metaphor (para-metaphor) and metonymy (para-metonymy) in restructuring perception. The study seeks to: 1) identify the cognitive models underlying paradox, 2) analyze its interaction with other conceptual processes, and 3) illustrate its role in non-linear thinking and knowledge organization. A descriptive-analytical approach is employed, with data purposively sampled from Persian literary texts. Theoretical frameworks include conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) and Ruiz de Mendoza’s cognitive modeling, emphasizing high-level abstraction and mental space networks. Paradox emerges from metaphorical contradictions (e.g., \"death is life\") and metonymic expansions (e.g., \"weeping with laughter\"), resolving oppositions through conceptual blending. It operates as a matrix-like strategy, enabling reframing and emergent meanings. Persian mystical texts exemplify this capacity to transcend binary logic and evoke multilayered interpretations.

One of the claims of creole exceptionalism is that creole languages have lexicons of reduced conceptual and expressive complexity. Building on previous studies of the lexicon of Nigerian Pidgin/NP and the applications of the cognitive linguistic framework in creole linguistics, the present paper aims to counter the exceptionalism claim by analysing the conceptual structure of body part expressions in NP. It is argued that the expressions not only involve embodied universal patterns of imaginative reasoning, but also blend the substratum patterns of West African languages with the superstratum influence of colonial lexifiers, especially English. Thanks to this, NP speakers can deal with diverse aspects of experience, such as emotions, mental life, social interaction, or business transactions, which is strong evidence for the complex conceptual structure and the richly expressive character of the NP lexicon.

Metaphor and metonymy are applied routinely as ongoing linguistic phenomena in meaning extension. The present study, paying attention to Persian complex verbs, i.e. compound and phrasal verbs containing loanwords, examined the metonymic and metaphoric meaning shifts of the loanwords in Persian light verbs. Evidence is mainly extracted from the Persian Dictionary of Secret Words and is analyzed based on the cognitive model proposed by Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera-Masegosa (2011). The results showed the independence of metonymic processes and the dependence of metaphors on the metonymic shifts. It was also found that the processes involved in Persian are far more complicated. A total of twelve patterns were categorized, eight of which were unique to Persian. Among these, three patterns were based solely on metonymy and others were obtained from the interaction of metaphor and metonymy, namely: metonymic expansion of the metaphoric domain, metonymic reduction of the metaphoric domain, a successive chain of expansion and reduction of the domain, metonymic expansion of the source domain and metonymic reduction of the target domain, metonymic reduction of source domain and metonymic expansion of target domain, double reduction of source and target domain, metaphoric amalgams of two target domains in a single source domain, and metaphoric chain with metonymic reduction of the first source domain. The other four patterns corresponded to ones proposed by de Mendoza and Galera-Masegosa (i.e. metaphoric expansion of source domain, metaphoric reduction of source domain, metaphoric reduction of target domain, and metaphoric amalgams). A total of nineteen patterns were obtained, which shows that human language has a high capability in the interaction of metaphor and metonymy.

Herb names not only facilitate identification but also convey crucial information regarding the potential uses and benefits of traditional Chinese herbs. However, the names of herbal medicines have received scant systematic study previously, especially from a cognitive onomastics perspective. By investigating the motivation for the nomenclature of 217 common Chinese herbs selected from the herbology section of Compendium of Materia Medica, we found that 160 herbs were named based on a single salient characteristic such as shape, efficacy, color, nature & flavor, place of origin, folklore, harvesting season, habitat, and odor, ranked in descending order. The remaining 57 herbs were named by integrating two or more characteristics. We contend that giving priority to shape and color in naming aligns with the gestalt principle and the human optic nerve’s sensitivity to color. Efficacy, nature & flavor, origin, harvesting season, and odor are crucial factors determining the quality and efficacy of herbs, thus being included in the herb names. We conclude that names for Chinese herbs can be attributed to the cognitive metonymy pattern CHARACTERISTICS FOR HERB. However, both conceptual blending and conceptual metaphor play significant roles in the naming of herbs, as conceptual blending integrates characteristics in naming and conceptual metaphor links herbs to familiar entities in naming.