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Sustainable practices in surface and subsurface micro irrigatio
This new book, Sustainable Practices in Surface and Subsurface Micro Irrigation, offers a vast amount of knowledge and techniques necessary to develop and manage a drip/trickle or micro irrigation system. The information covered has worldwide applicability to irrigation management in agriculture. Focusing on both subsurface and surface micro irrigation, chapters in the book cover a variety of new research and information on: - Irrigation water requirements for tanier, vegetables, bananas, plantains, beans, and papaya - Irrigating different types of soils, including sandy soils, wet soils, and mollisols - New applications for micro irrigation using existing technology, such as meteorological instruments and MicroCAD - Meteorological instruments for water management
eBook
Variations in Maize Dry Matter, Harvest Index, and Grain Yield with Plant Density
Modern maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids are generally regarded as strongly population dependent because maximum grain yields (GYs) per area are achieved primarily in high‐density populations. This study was conducted to analyze changes in density independence with plant density based on the response of GY, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and the harvest index (HI) to changes in plant density. Two modern cultivars, ZhengDan958 and ZhongDan909, were planted at 12 densities ranging from 1.5 to 18 plants m−2. The experiment was conducted for 3 yr, with drip irrigation and plastic mulching, at the 71 Group and Qitai Farms located in Xinjiang, China. With increased plant density, DM accumulation per area increased logarithmically, the HI decreased according to a cubic curve, and GY per area increased quadratically; the optimum density was 10.57 plants m−2. Further analysis showed that the response of GY per area, DM per area, and the HI to changes in plant density could be divided into four density ranges: Range I (≤4.7 plants m−2), in which DM per area, the HI, and GY per area were significantly affected by density; Range II (4.7–8.3 plants m−2), in which the HI was unaffected by density but DM per area and GY per area were significantly affected; Range III (8.3–10.75 plants m−2), in which GY per area was unaffected by density but DM per area and the HI were significantly affected; and Range IV (≥10.7 plants m−2), in which DM per area was unaffected by density but the HI and GY per area were significantly affected. These results indicated that Range II is a density‐independent range and Range III is a GY‐stable range.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System for Water Productivity and Yield of Rice
Core Ideas Drip irrigation improved the aerobic rice yield and water savings by 29 and 50%, respectively. The subsurface drip laid out at 0.8 m lateral distance with 1.0 L per hour dripper discharge irrigation system performed better in rice growth, physiology, and yield. Drip irrigation favored the root oxidizing power, canopy photosynthesis, and dry matter partitioning. There is a twofold increase in water productivity of aerobic rice under drip irrigation system. The use of drip irrigation in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is a contemporary water‐saving strategy. However, inadequate evidence is available related to consequential changes in water productivity on rice yield. The effects of distinctive drip irrigation treatments, namely differences in lateral distances (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m), dripper discharge rates (0.6 and 1.0 L per hour, Lph), irrigation methods (surface and subsurface), and the conventional aerobic rice production system (control) on, physiology and water productivity of rice were studied during the summer of 2012 and 2013. Grain yield significantly increased in the subsurface drip irrigation method laid out at 0.8 m lateral distance and in 1.0 Lph discharge rate (5389 kg ha−1) compared with control irrigation method (4181 kg ha−1). This treatment mounts up dry matter partitioning, leaf photosynthesis as well as root oxidizing power. In addition, drip irrigation in aerobic rice production system had twice the water productivity and stimulates longer roots with higher density compared with control irrigation method. The subsurface drip irrigation system with drippers/laterals of 0.8‐m distance with flow rate 1.0 Lph, in aerobic rice production system is a cost‐effective method and had the potential to save water (27.0%) without compromising grain yield in comparison to control irrigation method. This could be the promising technology to be recommended for aerobic rice production system.
Journal Article
Optimizing planting density to improve nitrogen use of super high‐yield maize
High grain yield and N use efficiency are key goals of crop production. Increasing planting density and supplying adequate N application are important agronomic practices to increase maize grain yield. However, little is known about the interaction between the planting density and N application rate of high‐yield maize under mulch drip irrigation. The objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of planting density and N application rate on the grain yield, economic return, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AEN) of super high‐yield maize under mulch drip irrigation in Northwest China. To achieve this, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Qitai farm, Xinjiang. The experiments included four N application levels−no nitrogen (N0), and 270 (N1), 360 (N2), and 450 kg N ha−1 (N3)−and five planting densities−7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). It was found that the N2D4 treatment obtained the highest grain yield (21.5−21.6 t ha−1) and economic return (US $3,399.7−$ 3,440.3 ha−1) and the relative higher PFPN (59.7−60.1 kg kg−1) and AEN (23.7−25.1 kg kg−1). The PFPN and AEN declined with increasing N application and varied according to a quadratic relationship with increasing planting density. Therefore, a reasonable increase of planting density and an appropriate reduction of N application combined with integrated irrigation−fertilization technology under mulch drip irrigation cannot only obtain high maize yield and economic return but can also improve the N utilization efficiency.
Journal Article
Maximizing Water Use Efficiency in Rice Farming: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Irrigation Management Technologies
Rice is a water-guzzling crop cultivated mostly through inefficient irrigation methods which leads to low water use efficiency and many environmental problems. Additionally, the export of virtual water through rice trading and the looming water crisis poses significant threats to the sustainability of rice production and food security. There are several alternative rice production methods to improve water use efficiency. These include aerobic rice, direct-seeded rice (DSR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), saturated soil culture (SSC), drip-irrigated rice, a system of rice intensification (SRI), and smart irrigation with sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, drip-irrigated rice and IoT-based automated irrigation are not feasible for poor farmers due to the high production costs associated with specialized machinery and tools. Similarly, aerobic rice, drip-irrigated rice, and the SRI are labor-intensive, making them unsuitable for areas with a shortage of labor. On the other hand, DSR is suitable for labor-scarce areas, provided herbicides are used to control weeds. In this article, the suitability of different water-saving rice production methods is reviewed based on factors such as climate, soil type, labor, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions, and their prospects and challenges are evaluated. Additionally, the article examines how cultural practices, such as seed treatment, weed control, and nutrition management, contribute to enhancing water use efficiency in rice production.
Journal Article
Review on Drip Irrigation: Impact on Crop Yield, Quality, and Water Productivity in China
The scarcity of freshwater resources is a global concern that is exacerbated by an increasing global population and climate change induced by global warming. To address this issue, the largest water-consuming sector has taken a series of measures termed as drip irrigation schemes. The primary purposes of drip irrigation are to reduce water scarcity near the root zone, reduce evaporation, and decrease water use. The application scope of drip irrigation is getting wider and wider, with the number of papers related to drip irrigation increasing year by year from 1990 to 2022. This study reviews crops planted in China that had been irrigated by drip irrigation equipment. The effects of drip irrigation technology on crop growth, physiology, quality, yield, and water use efficiency are summarized. This paper also provides an overview of drip irrigation technology on crop root development and nitrogen uptake. Through a global meta-analysis, it is found that in the case of water shortage, drip irrigation can save water and ensure crop yield compared to flooding irrigation, border irrigation, furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and micro-sprinkler irrigation. When the drip irrigation amount is more (100–120%), drip irrigation significantly increases crop yields by 28.92%, 14.55%, 8.03%, 2.32%, and 5.17% relative to flooding irrigation, border irrigation, furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and micro-sprinkler irrigation, respectively. When water resources are sufficient, increasing the amount of drip irrigation also improves crop yield. Moreover, the researchers found that drip irrigation can reduce fertilizer leaching and soil salinity. However, more studies should be conducted in the future to enrich the research on drip irrigation. In conclusion, drip irrigation technology is effective in improving crop growth, water use efficiency, and reducing water scarcity while decreasing fertilizer leaching and soil salinity, making it an ideal solution to the issue of freshwater resource scarcity globally.
Journal Article
Use of an ultrasonic sensor for plant height estimation in irrigated cotton
Plant height in field crops like cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have long been of great interest to agronomists and plant breeders. Canopy height sensors can replace laborious point hand sampling and enable site‐specific management. Study objectives were to compare manual plant height measurements with ultrasonic distance sensor measurements in subsurface drip‐irrigated cotton, and to assess the effects of nitrogen and water management. Two Honeywell 943 sensors were used weekly to estimate canopy height in a nitrogen‐ and water‐management study in Maricopa, AZ from 2016 to 2018. Hand measurements of plant height–ultrasonic‐sensed height correlation increased with growth stage with r2 of .92 to .99 at mid bloom. Root mean square errors ranged from 0.9 to 4.0 cm. Canopy height was strongly affected by nitrogen and water treatments, starting at first square. This rapid‐response ultrasonic distance sensor is accurate and has great potential as a canopy height measuring instrument in cotton.
Journal Article
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Improve Growth, Morph-Physiological Responses, Water Productivity, and Yield of Rice Plants Under Full and Deficit Drip Irrigation
Inoculating rice plants by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may be used as a practical and eco-friendly approach to sustain the growth and yield of drought stressed rice plants. The effect of rice inoculation using plant growth hormones was investigated under drip full irrigation (FI; 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc), and deficit irrigation (DI; 80% of ETc) on growth, physiological responses, yields and water productivities under saline soil (ECe = 6.87 dS m−1) for 2017 and 2018 seasons. Growth (i.e. shoot length and shoot dry weight), leaf photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll ‘a’ and chlorophyll ‘b’ content), air–canopy temperature (Tc–Ta), membrane stability index (MSI%), and relative water content, (RWC%) chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) stomatal conductance (gs), total phenols, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), nitrogen contents and water productivities (grain water productivity; G-WP and straw water productivity; S-WP) were positively affected and significantly (p < 0.05) differed in two seasons in response to the applied PGPR treatments. The highest yields (3.35 and 6.7 t ha−1 for grain and straw yields) as the average for both years were recorded under full irrigation and plants inoculated by PGPR. The results indicated that under water scarcity, application of (I80 + PGPR) treatment was found to be favorable to save 20% of the applied irrigation water, to produce not only the same yields, approximately, but also to save more water as compared to I100%.
Journal Article
Cotton growth model under drip irrigation with film mulching: A case study of Xinjiang, China
Crop growth depends on the cumulative temperature of the crop growing season, and growing degree days (GDD) is presently widely used as an index of the effective accumulated temperature. However, there are few reports on the relationship model between cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and GDD. Based on meteorological data and published document from the Xinjiang region in the past 12 yr, we used GDD to replace days after sowing to establish a model for the growth of cotton under drip irrigation with film mulch in Xinjiang, China. In order to analyze the effects of temperature on cotton growth under the different regions and management measures, a correction coefficient method was proposed to obtain the uniform growth law. Then a standardized logistic model was used to analyze growth indices based on GDD, and the relationships between maximum leaf area index (LAImax), maximum dry‐matter accumulation (DMAmax), the harvest index (HI), and total irrigation amount are discussed. Finally, the irrigation amount during the whole growth period is used as an independent variable to predict seed‐cotton yield. The results showed that plant height and growth rate were highest when GDD increased to about 1,100 and 530 °C, respectively. The rates of increase in LAI and DMA were highest when GDD increased to about 900 and 1,000 °C, respectively. Maximum leaf area index was 4.65 and HI was near optimal when irrigation amount for the entire growing season was 500 mm. The GDD could thus improve the accuracy of yield prediction. This study provides an available method for the further establishment of a universal cotton model. Core Ideas We proposed a correction method to establish a universal cotton growth model. Identified the role of temperature during growth by using growing degree days as a variable. The seed‐cotton yield was highest when the total irrigation amount was 500 mm.
Journal Article