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In this paper, TW-60 was selected as a suppressor for acidic copper plating. The ability of TW-60 to inhibit copper deposition was investigated by Galvanostatic measurements and Cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical studies showed that TW-60 has excellent inhibition ability. Metallographic section testing demonstrated TW-60 exhibits outstanding performance in filling miniature blind holes with a diameter of 150 micrometers and a depth of 75 micrometers.

The physical properties and elemental abundances of the interstellar medium in galaxies during cosmic reionization are important for understanding the role of galaxies in this process. We report the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array detection of an oxygen emission line at a wavelength of 88 micrometers from a galaxy at an epoch about 700 million years after the Big Bang. The oxygen abundance of this galaxy is estimated at about one-tenth that of the Sun. The nondetection of far-infrared continuum emission indicates a deficiency of interstellar dust in the galaxy. A carbon emission line at a wavelength of 158 micrometers is also not detected, implying an unusually small amount of neutral gas. These properties might allow ionizing photons to escape into the intergalactic medium.

The fundamental properties and ultimate performance limits of organolead trihalide MAPbX3 (MA = CH3NH3+; X = Br– or I–) perovskites remain obscured by extensive disorder in polycrystalline MAPbX3 films. We report an antisolvent vapor-assisted crystallization approach that enables us to create sizable crack-free MAPbX3 single crystals with volumes exceeding 100 cubic millimeters. These large single crystals enabled a detailed characterization of their optical and charge transport characteristics. We observed exceptionally low trap-state densities on the order of 109 to 1010 per cubic centimeter in MAPbX3 single crystals (comparable to the best photovoltaic-quality silicon) and charge carrier diffusion lengths exceeding 10 micrometers. These results were validated with density functional theory calculations.

Precision digital micrometers are promising sensors for micro-displacement measurements in precision manufacturing and metrology instruments. In this paper, the structure of the digital micrometer and the grating zero generation are optimized and designed. Firstly, the zero grating is modeled by introducing the basic principles of the digital micrometer. Then the constraints of the optimization process are defined. Finally, MATLAB simulations are performed. The results show that the designed high-resolution reference signal precision digital micrometer meets the theoretical requirements and is very suitable for application in precision measurement.

Organic-inorganic perovskites have shown promise as high-performance absorbers in solar cells, first as a coating on a mesoporous metal oxide scaffold and more recently as a solid layer in planar heterojunction architectures. Here, we report transient absorption and photoluminescence-quenching measurements to determine the electron-hole diffusion lengths, diffusion constants, and lifetimes in mixed halide (CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x)) and triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite absorbers. We found that the diffusion lengths are greater than 1 micrometer in the mixed halide perovskite, which is an order of magnitude greater than the absorption depth. In contrast, the triiodide absorber has electron-hole diffusion lengths of ~100 nanometers. These results justify the high efficiency of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells and identify a critical parameter to optimize for future perovskite absorber development.

In optical microscopy, fine structural details are resolved by using refraction to magnify images of a specimen. We discovered that by synthesizing a swellable polymer network within a specimen, it can be physically expanded, resulting in physical magnification. By covalently anchoring specific labels located within the specimen directly to the polymer network, labels spaced closer than the optical diffraction limit can be isotropically separated and optically resolved, a process we call expansion microscopy (ExM). Thus, this process can be used to perform scalable superresolution microscopy with diffraction-limited microscopes. We demonstrate ExM with apparent ∼70-nanometer lateral resolution in both cultured cells and brain tissue, performing three-color superresolution imaging of ∼107 cubic micrometers of the mouse hippocampus with a conventional confocal microscope.

Rapidly developing augmented reality, solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and holographic display technologies require spatial light modulators (SLMs) with high resolution and viewing angle to satisfy increasing customer demands. Performance of currently available SLMs is limited by their large pixel sizes on the order of several micrometers. Here, we propose a concept of tunable dielectric metasurfaces modulated by liquid crystal, which can provide abrupt phase change, thus enabling pixel-size miniaturization. We present a metasurface-based transmissive SLM, configured to generate active beam steering with >35% efficiency and a large beam deflection angle of 11°. The high resolution and steering angle obtained provide opportunities to develop the next generation of LIDAR and display technologies.

Digital imaging and modeling are essential tools for characterizing rock structures and understanding fluid flow behavior. These efforts often rely on X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), which faces an inherent trade‐off between resolution and field‐of‐view (FOV). Deep learning super‐resolution (SR) methods have been developed to overcome this limitation, but their application to carbonate rocks is challenged by complex micro‐nanometer features. Due to the resolution limits, micro‐CT fails to capture sub‐micrometer features such as micropores in carbonates, and using such data as high‐resolution (HR) training images limits the SR model's ability to accurately reconstruct the micropore structures. We introduce a cascading SR pipeline designed to address these challenges and reveal sub‐micrometer features in carbonate rocks. The approach integrates multi‐stage 2D SR networks to progressively enhance low‐resolution (LR) images toward the HR domain, followed by a third‐plane SR network for 3D reconstruction. We evaluate this method on a three‐stage SR task: starting from a 3 μ ${\\upmu }$m resolution micro‐CT image, super‐resolving to an intermediate 1 μ ${\\upmu }$m resolution, and ultimately reaching 0.1 μ ${\\upmu }$m resolution based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), achieving a 30× ${\\times} $ scale factor. Validation with unseen SEM demonstrates that the reconstructed domains retain essential structural and physical properties. This approach provides a practical solution to current imaging limitations and enables the integration of multi‐resolution modalities for improved rock characterization.

We introduce the optical ruler, an electromagnetic analog of a physical ruler, for nanoscale displacement metrology. The optical ruler is a complex electromagnetic field in which singularities serve as the marks on the scale. It is created by the diffraction of light on a metasurface, with singularity marks then revealed by high-magnification interferometric observation. Using a Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurface, we demonstrate a displacement resolving power of better than 1 nanometer (λ/800, where λ is the wavelength of light) at a wavelength of 800 nanometers. We argue that a resolving power of ~λ/4000, the typical size of an atom, may be achievable. An optical ruler with dimensions of only a few tens of micrometers offers applications in nanometrology, nanomonitoring, and nanofabrication, particularly in the demanding and confined environment of future smart manufacturing tools.

The subnanoscale size of typical diatomic molecules hinders direct optical access to their constituents. Rydberg macrodimers—bound states of two highly excited Rydberg atoms—feature interatomic distances easily exceeding optical wavelengths. We report the direct microscopic observation and detailed characterization of such molecules in a gas of ultracold rubidium atoms in an optical lattice. The bond length of about 0.7 micrometers, comparable to the size of small bacteria, matches the diagonal distance of the lattice. By exciting pairs in the initial two-dimensional atom array, we resolved more than 50 vibrational resonances. Using our spatially resolved detection, we observed the macrodimers by correlated atom loss and demonstrated control of the molecular alignment by the choice of the vibrational state. Our results allow for rigorous testing of Rydberg interaction potentials and highlight the potential of quantum gas microscopy for molecular physics.