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"Microrobots"
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Smart Magnetic Microrobots Learn to Swim with Deep Reinforcement Learning
Smart Magnetic Microrobots In article number 2200023, Warren C. Ruder and co‐workers present smart magnetic microrobot that learns to swim with deep reinforcement learning. This approach reveals a new strategy for microrobot manipulation in fluid environments similar to those in the human body, and thus has potential for medical impact in the future.
Journal Article
Magnetic micro and nanorobot swarms : from fundamentals to applications
Focused on the attractive emerging field of micro-/nanorobot swarms (microswarms). It introduces fundamental understandings of various microswarms, including pattern generation, transformation, locomotion, and imaging. This book also demonstrates applications of micro-/nanorobot swarms in different fields, such as biomedical, environmental, and electrical applications. The detailed theoretical analysis and experimental demonstrations in this book provide readers ranging from students to researchers with a realistic picture of progress achieved in the field of micro-/nanorobot swarms.
Book
Light‐Powered Microrobots: Challenges and Opportunities for Hard and Soft Responsive Microswimmers
Microrobots In article number 2000256, Ada‐Ioana Bunea and co‐workers provide a critical overview of how microrobots can be manufactured and manipulated using light. The cover image shows blue structures printed in hard polymer and precisely manipulated by optical trapping with focused near‐infrared light, together with orange structures printed using soft, light‐responsive materials, which change shape in response to green light. Cover image drawn by Alexandre Wetzel.
Journal Article
Engineering microrobots for targeted cancer therapies from a medical perspective
Systemic chemotherapy remains the backbone of many cancer treatments. Due to its untargeted nature and the severe side effects it can cause, numerous nanomedicine approaches have been developed to overcome these issues. However, targeted delivery of therapeutics remains challenging. Engineering microrobots is increasingly receiving attention in this regard. Their functionalities, particularly their motility, allow microrobots to penetrate tissues and reach cancers more efficiently. Here, we highlight how different microrobots, ranging from tailor-made motile bacteria and tiny bubble-propelled microengines to hybrid spermbots, can be engineered to integrate sophisticated features optimised for precision-targeting of a wide range of cancers. Towards this, we highlight the importance of integrating clinicians, the public and cancer patients early on in the development of these novel technologies.
Microbot delivery devices are the latest development in attempts to overcome the systemic toxicity associated with classical chemotherapy. Here, the authors review the recent progress in the field with a focus on the clinical translation and potential of the research and give a future perspective on this topic.
Journal Article
Trapping and detecting nanoplastics by MXene-derived oxide microrobots
Nanoplastic pollution, the final product of plastic waste fragmentation in the environment, represents an increasing concern for the scientific community due to the easier diffusion and higher hazard associated with their small sizes. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for effective strategies to quantify and remove nanoplastics in wastewater. This work presents the “on-the-fly” capture of nanoplastics in the three-dimensional (3D) space by multifunctional MXene-derived oxide microrobots and their further detection. A thermal annealing process is used to convert Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene into photocatalytic multi-layered TiO
2
, followed by the deposition of a Pt layer and the decoration with magnetic γ-Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles. The MXene-derived γ-Fe
2
O
3
/Pt/TiO
2
microrobots show negative photogravitaxis, resulting in a powerful fuel-free motion with six degrees of freedom under light irradiation. Owing to the unique combination of self-propulsion and programmable Zeta potential, the microrobots can quickly attract and trap nanoplastics on their surface, including the slits between multi-layer stacks, allowing their magnetic collection. Utilized as self-motile preconcentration platforms, they enable nanoplastics’ electrochemical detection using low-cost and portable electrodes. This proof-of-concept study paves the way toward the “on-site” screening of nanoplastics in water and its successive remediation.
Nanoplastic water pollution represents an increasing concern. Here, photogravitactic MXene-derived microrobots are programmed to trap nanoplastics in the layered structure and magnetically transfer them to low-cost electrodes for further detection.
Journal Article
Two-photon polymerization-based 4D printing and its applications
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a cutting-edge micro/nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) printing technology based on the principle of two-photon absorption. TPP surpasses the diffraction limit in achieving feature sizes and excels in fabricating intricate 3D micro/nanostructures with exceptional resolution. The concept of 4D entails the fabrication of structures utilizing smart materials capable of undergoing shape, property, or functional changes in response to external stimuli over time. The integration of TPP and 4D printing introduces the possibility of producing responsive structures with micro/nanoscale accuracy, thereby enhancing the capabilities and potential applications of both technologies. This paper comprehensively reviews TPP-based 4D printing technology and its diverse applications. First, the working principles of TPP and its recent advancements are introduced. Second, the optional 4D printing materials suitable for fabrication with TPP are discussed. Finally, this review paper highlights several noteworthy applications of TPP-based 4D printing, including domains such as biomedical microrobots, bioinspired microactuators, autonomous mobile microrobots, transformable devices and robots, as well as anti-counterfeiting microdevices. In conclusion, this paper provides valuable insights into the current status and future prospects of TPP-based 4D printing technology, thereby serving as a guide for researchers and practitioners. Provide a comprehensive overview of two-photon polymerization (TPP)-based 4D printing technology and its applications. Introduce the working principle of TPP and its recent development. Present optional 4D printing materials for TPP technology. Summarize notable applications of TPP-based 4D printing technology at micro/nano scales. Discuss the following challenges and offer valuable insights and prospects into the current state of TPP-based 4D printing technology.
Journal Article
Untethered control of functional origami microrobots with distributed actuation
Deployability, multifunctionality, and tunability are features that can be explored in the design space of origami engineering solutions. These features arise from the shape-changing capabilities of origami assemblies, which require effective actuation for full functionality. Current actuation strategies rely on either slow or tethered or bulky actuators (or a combination). To broaden applications of origami designs, we introduce an origami system with magnetic control. We couple the geometrical and mechanical properties of the bistable Kresling pattern with a magnetically responsive material to achieve untethered and local/distributed actuation with controllable speed, which can be as fast as a tenth of a second with instantaneous shape locking. We show how this strategy facilitates multimodal actuation of the multicell assemblies, in which any unit cell can be independently folded and deployed, allowing for on-the-fly programmability. In addition, we demonstrate how the Kresling assembly can serve as a basis for tunable physical properties and for digital computing. The magnetic origami systems are applicable to origami-inspired robots, morphing structures and devices, metamaterials, and multifunctional devices with multiphysics responses.
Journal Article