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\"This book addresses in-depth technical issues, limitations, considerations and challenges facing millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuit and system designers in designing MMW wireless communication systems from the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) perspective. It offers both a comprehensive explanation of fundamental theories and a broad coverage of MMW integrated circuits and systems. CMOS Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Wireless Communication Systems is an excellent reference for faculty, researchers and students working in electrical and electronic engineering, wireless communication, integrated circuit design and circuits and systems. While primarily written for upper-level undergraduate courses, it is also an excellent introduction to the subject for instructors, graduate students, researchers, integrated circuit designers and practicing engineers. Advanced readers could also benefit from this book as it includes many recent state-of-the-art MMW circuits.\" -- Provided by publisher.

A wafer-scale graphene circuit was demonstrated in which all circuit components, including graphene field-effect transistor and inductors, were monolithically integrated on a single silicon carbide wafer. The integrated circuit operates as a broadband radio-frequency mixer at frequencies up to 10 gigahertz. These graphene circuits exhibit outstanding thermal stability with little reduction in performance (less than 1 decibel) between 300 and 400 kelvin. These results open up possibilities of achieving practical graphene technology with more complex functionality and performance.

Closer to an exotic goal Placing a macroscopic object in its quantum-mechanical ground state of motion is an exciting experimental prospect. If achieved, it should reveal counter-intuitive physical behaviour — such as the existence of the system in two locations simultaneously. Rocheleau et al . come tantalizingly close to this goal. They have cooled a nanomechanical resonator to a point where the probability of it residing in its motional ground state is 0.21 (which in itself should be sufficient to enable direct measurement of some anticipated quantum phenomena), and have identified the experimental hurdles that need to be overcome to push the system more fully into this exotic quantum regime. Placing a macroscopic object in its quantum-mechanical ground state of motion is an exciting experimental target that should reveal counterintuitive physical behaviour — such as the existence of states in which the mechanical system is located in two places simultaneously. A nanomechanical resonator is now cooled to a point where the probability of its residing in the quantum ground state of motion is 0.21; this level of cooling should allow a series of fundamental quantum mechanical observations. Cold, macroscopic mechanical systems are expected to behave contrary to our usual classical understanding of reality; the most striking and counterintuitive predictions involve the existence of states in which the mechanical system is located in two places simultaneously. Various schemes have been proposed to generate and detect such states 1 , 2 , and all require starting from mechanical states that are close to the lowest energy eigenstate, the mechanical ground state. Here we report the cooling of the motion of a radio-frequency nanomechanical resonator by parametric coupling to a driven, microwave-frequency superconducting resonator. Starting from a thermal occupation of 480 quanta, we have observed occupation factors as low as 3.8 ± 1.3 and expect the mechanical resonator to be found with probability 0.21 in the quantum ground state of motion. Further cooling is limited by random excitation of the microwave resonator and heating of the dissipative mechanical bath. This level of cooling is expected to make possible a series of fundamental quantum mechanical observations including direct measurement of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and quantum entanglement with qubits.

Cavity quantum electrodynamics: Fock states represent quantum purity In cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), light–matter interactions between a single emitter (an atom or an atom-like system with discrete energy levels) and a resonant optical cavity are investigated at a fundamental level. Recent advances in solid-state implementations, which offer great design flexibility, have given this field considerable momentum. An outstanding important question has been which features in such a system show true quantum behaviour and cannot be explained with classical models. Hofheinz et al . study a 'circuit' QED system where a superconducting qubit acts as an atom-like two-energy level system and is embedded in a microwave transmission circuit, acting as the optical cavity. They demonstrate in this system the creation of pure quantum states, known as Fock states, which give specific numbers of energy quanta, in this case photons. Fock states with up to six photons are prepared and analysed. The results are important because cavity QED is expected to play a crucial role in the development of quantum information processing and communication applications. A 'circuit' quantum electrodynamics system where a superconducting qubit acts as an atom-like two-energy level system and is embedded in a microwave transmission circuit (acting as the optical cavity) is studied. In this system, it is demonstrated that the creation of pure quantum states, known as Fock states, which give specific numbers of energy quanta, in this case photons. Fock states with up to six photons are prepared and analysed. Spin systems and harmonic oscillators comprise two archetypes in quantum mechanics 1 . The spin-1/2 system, with two quantum energy levels, is essentially the most nonlinear system found in nature, whereas the harmonic oscillator represents the most linear, with an infinite number of evenly spaced quantum levels. A significant difference between these systems is that a two-level spin can be prepared in an arbitrary quantum state using classical excitations, whereas classical excitations applied to an oscillator generate a coherent state, nearly indistinguishable from a classical state 2 . Quantum behaviour in an oscillator is most obvious in Fock states, which are states with specific numbers of energy quanta, but such states are hard to create 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Here we demonstrate the controlled generation of multi-photon Fock states in a solid-state system. We use a superconducting phase qubit 8 , which is a close approximation to a two-level spin system, coupled to a microwave resonator, which acts as a harmonic oscillator, to prepare and analyse pure Fock states with up to six photons. We contrast the Fock states with coherent states generated using classical pulses applied directly to the resonator.

This study describes the design and experimental verification of the ridge gap waveguide, appearing in the gap between parallel metal plates. The latter posts, referred to as a pin surface or bed of nails, are designed to give a stopband for the normal parallel-plate modes between 10 GHz and 23 GHz. The hardware demonstrator includes two 90 degrees bends and two capacitive coupled coaxial transitions enabling measurements with a vector network analyser. The measured results verify the large bandwidth and low losses of the quasi-transverse electromagnetic mode propagating along the guiding ridge, and that 90 degrees bends can be designed in the same way as for microstrip lines. Still, the ridge gap waveguide is more advantageous for frequencies above 30 GHz, because it can be realised entirely from metal using milling or moulding, and there are no requirements for conducting joints between the two plates that otherwise is a problem when realising conventional hollow waveguides.

A two-dimensional displacement and alignment sensor is proposed based on two open-ended transmission lines, each loaded with a split ring resonator (SRR). In this arrangement, the depth of resonance-induced notches in the reflection coefficients can be used to sense a displacement of the loading SRRs in two orthogonal directions. Since the operation principle of the sensor is based on the symmetry properties of SRR-loaded transmission lines, the proposed sensor benefits from immunity to variations in ambient conditions. More importantly, it is shown that in contrast to previously published metamaterial-inspired two-dimensional displacement and alignment sensors, the proposed sensor can be operated at a single fixed frequency. The concept and simulation results are validated through measurement.

Presented is an electrically small multiband monopole antenna based on complementary split-ring resonators, which are used to reduce antenna size. The antenna is fed by a three-stage microstrip line and provides 13, 17 and 16% impedance bandwidth performance covering the 3.5 GHz WiMAX and 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN bands. Also, the proposed antenna exhibits almost an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the H-plane and a dipole-like radiation pattern in the E-plane. The return loss and radiation pattern measurements of the fabricated antenna are in very good agreement with simulation results.

Recently, it has been shown that so-called gap waveguides can be generated in the gap between parallel metal plates. The gap waveguides are formed by metal ridges or strips along which local waves propagate, and parallel plate modes are prohibited from propagating by providing one of the surfaces with a texture that generates an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) or an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface on both sides of the ridges or strips. The bandwidth of the gap waveguide is determined by the cut-off bandwidth of a parallel-plate waveguide where one surface has such a texture (and no ridges or strips). This paper studies the bandwidths (or stop bands) of such parallel-plate cut-offs when the AMC or EBG is realised by a metal pin surface, corrugations or a mushroom surface. It is shown that cut-off bandwidths of up to 4:1 are potentially available, and thereby similar bandwidths should be achievable also for gap waveguides.

Inkjet-printing is a very promising technology for the development of microwave circuits and components. Inkjet-printing technology of conductive silver nanoparticles on an organic flexible paper substrate is introduced in this study. The paper substrate is characterised using the T-resonator method. A variety of microwave passive and active devices, as well as complete circuits inkjet-printed on paper substrates are introduced. This work includes inkjet-printed artificial magnetic conductor structures, a substrate integrated waveguide, solar-powered beacon oscillator for wireless power transfer and localisation, energy harvesting circuits and nanocarbon-based gas-sensing materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. This study presents an overview of recent advances of inkjet-printed electronics on paper substrate.