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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention for various applications due to their tunable structure, porosity and functionality. In general, MOFs have been synthesized from isolated metal ions and organic linkers under hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions via one-spot reactions. The emerging precursor approach and kinetically tuned dimensional augmentation strategy add more diversity to this field. In addition, to speed up the crystallization process and create uniform crystals with reduced size, many alternative synthesis routes have been explored. Recent advances in microwave-assisted synthesis and electrochemical synthesis are presented in this review. In recent years, post-synthetic approaches have been shown to be powerful tools to synthesize MOFs with modified functionality, which cannot be attained via de novo synthesis. In this review, some current accomplishments of post-synthetic modification (PSM) based on covalent transformations and coordinative interactions as well as post-synthetic exchange (PSE) in robust MOFs are provided.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.

This article presents the method of size control of cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn1−xCoxO NPs) obtained by means of the microwave solvothermal synthesis. Zinc acetate dihydrate and cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate dissolved in ethylene glycol were used as the precursor. It has been proved by the example of Zn0.9Co0.1O NPs (x = 10 mol %) that by controlling the water quantity in the precursor it is possible to precisely control the size of the obtained Zn1−xCoxO NPs. The following properties of the obtained Zn0.9Co0.1O NPs were tested: skeleton density (helium pycnometry), specific surface area (BET), dopant content (ICP-OES), morphology (SEM), phase purity (XRD), lattice parameter (Rietveld method), average crystallite size (FW1/5/4/5M method and Scherrer’s formula), crystallite size distribution (FW1/5/4/5M method), and average particle size (from TEM and SSA). An increase in the water content in the precursor between 1.5% and 5% resulted in the increase in Zn0.9Co0.1O NPs size between 28 nm and 53 nm. The X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of only one hexagonal phase of ZnO in all samples. Scanning electron microscope images indicated an impact of the increase in water content in the precursor on the change of size and shape of the obtained Zn0.9Co0.1O NPs. The developed method of NPs size control in the microwave solvothermal synthesis was used for the first time for controlling the size of Zn1−xCoxO NPs.

Thirty-three alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates, as well as isothiocyanate derivatives from esters of coded amino acids and from esters of unnatural amino acids (6-aminocaproic, 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic, and tranexamic acids), were synthesized with satisfactory or very good yields (25–97%). Synthesis was performed in a “one-pot”, two-step procedure, in the presence of organic base (Et3N, DBU or NMM), and carbon disulfide via dithiocarbamates, with 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium toluene-4-sulfonate (DMT/NMM/TsO−) as a desulfurization reagent. For the synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates, reactions were carried out in a microwave reactor, and selected alkyl isothiocyanates were also synthesized in aqueous medium with high yields (72–96%). Isothiocyanate derivatives of L- and D-amino acid methyl esters were synthesized, under conditions without microwave radiation assistance, with low racemization (er 99 > 1), and their absolute configuration was confirmed by circular dichroism. Isothiocyanate derivatives of natural and unnatural amino acids were evaluated for antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains, where the most active was ITC 9e.

The present study investigates the microwave‐assisted synthesis of a Chitosan‐Iron Oxide (CS@Fe 3 O 4 ) nanocomposite for the removal of Alizarine Red (AR) and Malachite Green (MG) dyes. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and pHZPC to evaluate their elemental compositions, functional groups, surface structures, and surface charge. The AR and MG dye removal experiments were conducted using a UV–vis spectrophotometer at 432 and 617 nm wavelength, respectively, under various conditions including concentration (20–100 mg L −1 ), contact time (0– 120 min for AR and 0–60 for MG), dose (0.4–2 g L −1 ), pH (2–12).  The maximum removals of 91% & 96% obtained at 2 and 10 pH, 5 and 100 mg L −1  concentration, 1 & 2 g L −1 dose of CS@Fe 3 O 4 for AR & MG dyes, respectively. Adsorption kinetics were determined to be pseudo‐second order for both linear and non‐linear regression. The Langmuir adsorption capacity was 82.29 and 46.73 mg g −1 for AR and MG dyes, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters observed a spontaneous and endothermic. The field applicability of the adsorbent was confirmed through ionic strength, regeneration capacity, rapid and low‐cost synthesis, with potential applicability in wastewater treatment.

The wet‐chemical synthetic approach for Li‐argyrodite superionic conductors for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) is promising as it saves time, energy, and cost, while achieving scalable production. However, it faces certain commercialization issues such as byproduct generation, nucleophilic attack of the solvent, and long processing times. In this study, a facile and time‐saving microwave‐assisted wet synthesis (MW‐process) approach is proposed for Li6PS5Cl (LPSC), which is completed in 3 h at the precursor‐synthesis stage. The LPSC crystal obtained from the MW‐process presents various advantages such as fast‐PS43− generation, high solubility of LiCl, and low adverse effects from solvent molecules. These features help in achieving a high Li‐ion conductivity (2.79 mS cm−1) and low electric conductivity (1.85×10−6 mS cm−1). Furthermore, the LPSC crystal is stable when reacting with Li metal (2000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2) and exhibits superior cyclability with LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2 (NCM622) (145.5 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C, 200 cycles with 0.12% of capacity loss per cycle). The proposed synthetic approach presents new insights into wet‐chemical engineering for sulfide‐based solid‐electrolytes (SEs), which is crucial for developing ASSBs from a commercial‐scale perspective. The wet‐chemical synthesis of sulfide‐based solid electrolytes is potential direction of synthetic application for all‐solid‐state batteries. A wet‐chemical synthetic method for Li‐argyrodite is newly proposed by using the microwave reactor, which has the synthetic advantages such as ultrafast PS43‐ formation, lower solvent effect, and enhanced LiCl solubility, and high degree of sulfide/halide anion disorder.

Carbon dots (CDs) are the new fellow of carbon family having a size less than 10 nm and attracted much attention of researchers since the last decade because of their unique characteristics, such as inexpensive and facile synthesis methods, easy surface modification, excellent photoluminescence, outstanding water solubility, and low toxicity. Due to these unique characteristics, CDs have been extensively applied in different kind of scientific disciplines. For example in the photocatalytic reactions, drug-gene delivery system, in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, chemical and biological sensing as well as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Mainly two types of methods are available in the literature to synthesize CDs: the top-down approach, which refers to breaking down a more massive carbon structure into nanoscale particles; the bottom-up approach, which refers to the synthesis of CDs from smaller carbon units (small organic molecules). Many review articles are available in the literature regarding the synthesis and applications of CDs. However, there is no such review article describing the synthesis and complete application of CDs derived from small organic molecules together. In this review, we have summarized the progress of research on CDs regarding its synthesis from small organic molecules (bottom-up approach) via hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic treatment, and thermal decomposition techniques as well as applications in the field of bioimaging, drug/gene delivery system, fluorescence-based sensing, photocatalytic reactions, photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and photo-thermal (PTT) therapy based on the available literature. Finally, the challenges and future direction of CDs are discussed.

A new method is introduced for the rapid synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) macroparticles via microwave irradiation, optimizing the ratio of monomer to crosslinker to finely tailor the particles’ characteristics. In the study, the characteristics of these particles have been analyzed extensively, and their potential efficacy in blood purification applications has been explored. They are demonstrating significant potential for cation removal from dialysate and blood. The PMAA particles with the lower crosslinker concentration exhibited superior cation removal efficiency, achieving 80.8% for calcium, 9.9% for potassium, and 9.9% for sodium ions from dialysate solution over a period of 4 h. Blood compatibility assessments, encompassing protein adsorption and clotting time, showed the particles' hemocompatibility. The exceptional physical and mechanical attributes of the PMAA particles are positioned as promising candidates for use as absorbents in dialysis and hemoperfusion processes. Furthermore, their versatility extends beyond blood purification, marking their relevance in broader applications such as water treatment. A rapid microwave‐assisted synthesis method produces poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) particles with optimized cation removal efficiency. These biocompatible particles, featuring exceptional mechanical properties, excel in ion extraction, making them ideal for applications in hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, and water treatment.

This study investigates a microwave‐assisted synthesis method for producing IrNi bimetallic catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic environment. Due to the high cost of iridium‐based catalysts used in the anodes of proton‐exchange membrane electrolyzers, reducing the noble metal content while maintaining high performance is crucial. In this work, materials with various IrNi atomic ratios are synthesized and their impact on the catalyst microstructure, phase composition, and electrochemical performance is evaluated. The results reveal a synergistic effect between the two metals, with 60 at% Ni identified as the optimal nominal composition. This catalyst achieves an overpotential of 274 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 49 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte, outperforming commercial IrO2 (320 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 56 mV dec−1). The higher activity is retained after both a 6 h chronoamperometry and an accelerated degradation test, during which Ni acts as a sacrificial component and the electrochemically surface area of the films increases. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of microwave‐assisted synthesis, a greener and faster alternative to conventional methods, for developing low Ir‐content catalysts with enhanced performance. This study introduces a sustainable microwave‐assisted polyol method for rapidly synthesizing IrNi catalysts with enhanced oxygen evolution activity. The strong synergy between Ir and Ni delivers higher intrinsic performance than commercial IrO2, offering a promising alternative to conventional synthesis routes.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death throughout the world. Due to the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapies have come into prominence for the management of NSCLC. In particular, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy has emerged as a first-line therapy for NSCLC patients with EGFR-activating mutations. In this context, new indenopyrazoles, which were prepared by an efficient microwave-assisted method, were subjected to in silico and in vitro assays to evaluate their potency as EGFR TK-targeted anti-NSCLC agents. Compound 4 was the most promising antitumor agent towards A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, with an IC50 value of 6.13 µM compared to erlotinib (IC50 = 19.67 µM). Based on its low cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), it can be concluded that compound 4 exerts selective antitumor action. This compound also inhibited EGFR TK with an IC50 value of 17.58 µM compared to erlotinib (IC50 = 0.04 µM) and induced apoptosis (56.30%). Taking into account in silico and in vitro data, compound 4 stands out as a potential EGFR TKI for the treatment of NSCLC.