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"Miflagah ha-ḳomunisṭit ha-Yiśreʼelit"
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Induced to Volunteer? The Predicament of Jewish Communists in Palestine and the Spanish Civil War
Despite there being no recruitment office in Palestine, dozens of members of the local Communist Party, mainly Jews, left the country to take part in the Spanish Civil War. First, this article examines the political and social circumstances which influenced individuals' decisions to volunteer. The Palestine Communist Party operated illegally. A combination of pressure from the British mandate authorities, hostility from the Zionist establishment and acute internal disputes, following the party's participation in the Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936-9), created strong push factors that encouraged many Party members to leave the country. The article also examines the volunteers' ideological motivation and the transport and support networks that were necessary to bring them to the war zone. By exploring these issues, the article seeks not only to illuminate the particular case of the volunteers from Palestine, but also to make a contribution to the comparative study of foreign volunteers in modern conflicts.
Journal Article
Palestinian Citizens of Israel and the Discourse on the Right of Return, 1948–59
This article traces the evolving discourse on the \"right of refugee return\"among the Palestinian citizens of Israel during the first decade of Israeli statehood, with emphasis on the role of the local Arabic press in shaping and reflecting that discourse. More particularly, it focuses on al-Ittihad, the organ of the communist party (MAKI), which paid the greatest attention to the refugee issue. In tracing the party's shift from a humanistic/anti-imperialist stance on the issue to one emphasizing the refugees' inalienable right to return, the article sheds light on MAKI's political strategy vis-à-vis the Palestinian minority. It also illustrates the political vibrancy in the early years of the community, generally viewed simplistically in terms of a pre-1967 quiescence and post-1967 politicization.
Journal Article
Communism versus Zionism: The Comintern, Yishuvism, and the Palestine Communist Party
This article discusses how the official communist position on the Zionist project in Palestine went from hostile condemnation in the early 1920s to wary support after World War II. In so doing, it focuses on the ideological struggle between the traditional party line and \"Yishuvism,\" a theory that sought to reconcile Zionist and communist ideas, as it played out in the two bodies most closely involved in shaping Comintern policy on Palestine (the Palestine Communist Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain). In following the tortured justifications for evolving positions, the author identifies the key actors shaping the debate and turning points impacting it, especially the 1936-39 Arab Revolt, Britain's 1939 White Paper, and the wartime fight against fascism. The author contends that an important reason for the USSR's post-war about-face on Palestine was the success of the Yishuvist ideological campaign. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Class, Nation, and Political Organization: The Anti-Zionist Left in Israel/Palestine
The paper discusses historical lessons offered by the experience of two leftwing movements, the pre-1948 Palestinian Communist Party, and the post-1948 Israeli Socialist Organization (Matzpen). The focus of discussion is the relationship between class and nation as principles of organization. The Palestinian Communist Party was shaped by forces that shaped the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: British rule, Zionist ideology and settlement practices, and Arab nationalism. At intensified conflict periods it was torn apart by the pressures of competing nationalisms. By the end of the period, its factions agreed on one principle: the need to treat members of both national groups equally, whether as individuals or as groups entitled to self-determination. This position was rejected by both national movements as incompatible with their quest for control. In the post-1948 period, Matzpen epitomized the radical critique of Zionism. It was the clearest voice speaking against the 1967 occupation and for restoration of Palestinian rights. However, it never moved beyond the political margins, and its organization failed to provide members with a sustainable mode of activism. It was replaced by a new mode, mobilizing people around specific issues instead of presenting an overall program. The paper concludes with suggestions on how the Left may use these lessons to develop a strategy to focus on the quest for social justice and human rights.
Journal Article
Najati Sidqi (1905-79): the enigmatic Jerusalem Bolshevik
A review essay on a book by Hanna Abu Hanna (Ed), Mudhakkarat Najati Sidqui ([The Memoirs of Najati Sidqi] Beirut: Instit Palestine Studies, 2001). The memoirs give a detailed account of life during the Bolshevik movement in Jerusalem, 1920s-1930s, & provide a valuable record of Syrian & Palestinian politics, as well as an account of how Arab socialists & communists lived in the USSR during the Stalin era. However, the work is faulted for leaving questions unanswered & issues unresolved as if the author feared posthumous disclosure of secrets. Although Abu Hanna is credited with meticulous editing & for providing extensive annotations & a glossary, he is criticized for not clarifying such information in his editing process. Excerpts from the memoirs are included with notes by the editor. I. Sharp
Journal Article
The silent pact: anti-communist co-operation between the Jewish leadership and the British administration in Palestine
Focuses on the attitude of the British Mandatory administration and the Yishuv elite towards the Palestine communists. The underlying hypothesis is that both the British and Zionist attitudes towards the Palestine Communist Party, PKP, were derived from their global interests. The first group viewed the issue within the framework of the British empire; the second approached the PKP bearing in mind their needs in other parts of the Jewish world. The PKP remained illegal for almost all of the Mandate's 30-year duration. The article concentrates on the first 12 years of the Mandate.
Journal Article
The Arab nationalist challenge to the Israeli Communist Party (1970–1985)
Growth of the Sons of the Village and the Nationalist Progressive movement since 1972.
Journal Article