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"Milgram, Stanley."
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Arguing, obeying and defying : a rhetorical perspective on Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments
\"Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments are among the most influential and controversial scientific studies ever conducted. The experiments are commonly understood to have shown how easily people can be led into harming another person, simply as a result of following orders. Recently, however, Milgram's studies have been subjected to a sustained critique and re-evaluation. This book draws on the vast stock of audio recordings from Milgram's experiments to reveal how these experiments can be understood as occasions for argumentation and rhetoric, rather than showing how passive subjects can be led into simply doing as they are told. In doing so, it reconsiders what we understand by 'obedience' and extends how social psychologists have understood rhetoric itself\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Double Exposure
Double Exposure examines the role of film in shaping social psychology’s landmark postwar experiments. We are told that most of us will inflict electric shocks on a fellow citizen when ordered to do so. Act as a brutal prison guard when we put on a uniform. Walk on by when we see a stranger in need. But there is more to the story. Documentaries that investigators claimed as evidence were central to capturing the public imagination. Did they provide an alibi for twentieth century humanity? Examining the dramaturgy, staging and filming of these experiments, including Milgram's Obedience Experiments, the Stanford Prison Experiment and many more, Double Exposure recovers a new set of narratives.
eBook
The use of virtual reality in the study of people’s responses to violent incidents
This paper reviews experimental methods for the study of the responses of people to violence in digital media, and in particular considers the issues of internal validity and ecological validity or generalisability of results to events in the real world. Experimental methods typically involve a significant level of abstraction from reality, with participants required to carry out tasks that are far removed from violence in real life, and hence their ecological validity is questionable. On the other hand studies based on field data, while having ecological validity, cannot control multiple confounding variables that may have an impact on observed results, so that their internal validity is questionable. It is argued that immersive virtual reality may provide a unification of these two approaches. Since people tend to respond realistically to situations and events that occur in virtual reality, and since virtual reality simulations can be completely controlled for experimental purposes, studies of responses to violence within virtual reality are likely to have both ecological and internal validity. This depends on a property that we call 'plausibility' - including the fidelity of the depicted situation with prior knowledge and expectations. We illustrate this with data from a previously published experiment, a virtual reprise of Stanley Milgram's 1960s obedience experiment, and also with pilot data from a new study being developed that looks at bystander responses to violent incidents.
Journal Article
Psychology : essential thinkers, classic theories, and how they inform your world
Bridging the gap between the theoretical and real-life, Bonior looks at the biggest names, ideas, and studies in the history of psychology and translates their meaning to everyday situations and relationships.
Book
“Shocking” Masculinity: Stanley Milgram, “Obedience to Authority,” and the “Crisis of Manhood” in Cold War America
Stanley Milgram's study of “obedience to authority” is one of the best-known psychological experiments of the twentieth century. This essay examines the study's special charisma through a detailed consideration of the intellectual, cultural, and gender contexts of Cold War America. It suggests that Milgram presented not a “timeless” experiment on “human nature” but, rather, a historically contingent, scientifically sanctioned “performance” of American masculinity at a time of heightened male anxiety. The essay argues that this gendered context invested the obedience experiments with an extraordinary plausibility, immediacy, and relevance. Immersed in a discourse of masculinity besieged, many Americans read the obedience experiments not as a fanciful study of laboratory brutality but as confirmation of their worst fears. Milgram's extraordinary success thus lay not in his “discovery” of the fragility of individual conscience but in his theatrical flair for staging culturally relevant masculine performances.
Journal Article
Revisiting the Banality of Evil: Contemporary Political Violence and the Milgram Experiments
Stanley Milgram's remarkable obedience experiments have been one of the most influential and controversial studies in social psychology. They are highly original, theoretically significant and closely related to the major political and social-historical experiences and preoccupations of the 20th century. The latter include the ideologically inspired mass murders, the limited moral choices available to individuals in repressive and regimented societies, as well as the venerable issues of free will vs. social and situational determination. Despite their importance and impact, there is room for a reconsideration of these experiments and their relevance to understanding the varieties and nature of political violence in the 20th and 21st centuries. Milgram's findings were often linked to the influential and similarly controversial ideas of Hannah Arendt, notably her concept of the Banality of evil. The obedience experiments seemed to provide empirical support for her highly speculative propositions inspired by the case of Adolf Eichman and especially his trial. The famous psychologist, Gordon Allport called these experiments the Eichman experiment. Milgram himself wrote that Bafter witnessing hundreds of ordinary people submit to the authority in our experiments, I must conclude that Arendt's conception of the banality of evil comes closer to the truth than one might dare imagine.
Journal Article
Virtual Morality: Transitioning from Moral Judgment to Moral Action?
The nature of moral action versus moral judgment has been extensively debated in numerous disciplines. We introduce Virtual Reality (VR) moral paradigms examining the action individuals take in a high emotionally arousing, direct action-focused, moral scenario. In two studies involving qualitatively different populations, we found a greater endorsement of utilitarian responses-killing one in order to save many others-when action was required in moral virtual dilemmas compared to their judgment counterparts. Heart rate in virtual moral dilemmas was significantly increased when compared to both judgment counterparts and control virtual tasks. Our research suggests that moral action may be viewed as an independent construct to moral judgment, with VR methods delivering new prospects for investigating and assessing moral behaviour.
Journal Article
Milgram’s Experiment and Gender Biases in Indian Context
Across every area of our culture, the distinction between influential people and those below them is normal. There are figures of authority who conduct duties every day for us, and yet we are also lazy. In this paper, participants face the same order but of two distinct individuals-figures of authority or ordinary citizens-to test the difference in responses. The responses when the authority figure is specific are also checked. We seek to get the common public to address figures of authority in the Indian sense. Individuals appear to be more likely, without any proof or test, to obey certain rules and submit to certain individuals. This paper will bring out the biases and change in behavior of people, when encountered with authority figures, but of different genders.
Journal Article
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiments: A Report Card 50 Years Later
Fifty years ago Stanley Milgram published the first report of his studies of obedience to authority. His work (1963) forged the mindset of how social scientists over the next two generations came to explain the participation of hundreds of thousands of Germans in the mass murder of European Jews during the Holocaust.
Journal Article