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"Military Expenditures"
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Alliances as Contiguity in Spatial Models of Military Expenditures
What determines the level of a country's military expenditures? Both history and theory indicate that military expenditures are strategic in nature—a country's military expenditures depend on the military allocations of other countries. This article examines two potential sources of interdependence: geographic proximity and alliance membership. Estimation results from spatial autoregressive models show that a country's military expenditures are positively correlated with those of its geographic neighbors. Since countries may respond positively to their neighbors' military spending due to conflict or cooperation, the article uses alliance membership as an alternative measure of contiguity to discover potential cooperative relationships among geographic neighbors. Results indicate that a country's military expenditures are positively correlated with the military spending of its alliance partners. This correlation is stronger between members of the same defensive alliance.
Journal Article
US defense politics : the origins of security policy
\"This textbook provides an accessible overview of US defense politics for upper-level students. This new edition has been fully updated and revised, with a new chapter on veterans and new material on topics such as cyberwarfare and lobbying. Analyzing the ways in which the United States prepares for war, the authors demonstrate how political and organizational interests determine US defense policy and warn against over-emphasis on planning, centralization, and technocracy. Emphasizing the process of defense policy-making rather than just the outcomes of that process, US Defense Politics departs from the traditional style of many existing textbooks. Designed to help students understand the practical side of American national security policy, the book examines the following key themes: - US grand strategy; - who joins America's military; - how and why weapons are bought; - the management of defense; - public attitudes toward the military and casualties; - the roles of the President and the Congress in controlling the military; - the effects of 9/11 and the Global War on Terror on security policy, homeland security, government reorganizations, and intra- and inter-service relations. The textbook will be essential reading for students of US defense politics, US national security policy and homeland security, and highly recommended for students of US foreign policy, US public policy and public administration.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Military Expenditure and Arms Trade: Alternative Data Sources
Analysis of the economic impact of military expenditures and arms trade is frequently hampered by the limited amount of transparent, comprehensive data. Country-specific information can be supplemented, however, by data from multicountry statistical sources. This paper describes seven publications which provide multicountry statistics on military expenditure and trade - the information each source conveys, as well as the differences in coverage and definition - to assist the analyst in understanding how to use this data. Comparisons of the data reported by the various sources reveal numerous, significant differences, particularly in data on military expenditures.
Journal Article
Budgeting for hard power : defense and security spending under Barack Obama
\"Lays out the issues and relative costs facing the new president: prioritizing among competing demands for defense spending, homeland-security investment, diplomacy, and security assistance; determining how much money will be needed, available, and allocated. Suggests a path for the new White House in its resource-allocation decisions affecting U.S. national security\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Impacts of neighboring countries on military expenditures
Using the latest spatial econometric techniques and data pertaining to 144 countries over the period 1993–2007, this article tests and compares four frequently used spatial econometric models and eight matrices describing the mutual relationships among the countries, all within a common framework, which helps clarify the impact of neighboring countries on military expenditures. Furthermore, it utilizes two different data sources. Due to this setup, it provides one of the most thorough spatial analyses of military expenditures so far. Furthermore, it confirms but also challenges the results of several previous studies. Military spending measured as a ratio of GDP in one country indeed depends primarily on the spending of other countries, but in a limited number of cases, it also depends on control variables that can be observed in other countries, among which are the level of GDP, the occurrence of international wars, and the political regime. The most likely specification of the matrix describing the relationships among countries is the first-order binary contiguity matrix based on land or maritime borders, extended to include two-sided relationships among the five countries that are permanent members of the UN Security Council and one-sided relationships to all other countries. Finally, cross-sectional approaches are rejected in favor of dynamic spatial panel data approaches due to their controls for habit persistence, country, and time-period fixed effects.
Journal Article