Explore the vast range of titles available.

In the early days of the Cold War, Syria was the first Arab country where former officers of the German Wehrmacht played an active role as military advisors. This was due, in part, to the fact that Germany was not burdened by its past political relations to Arab states for, in contrast to the Western powers, Germany which had never had territorial ambitions in the Near East. Even in the very early stages, German advisors contributed considerably to the development of Syria's armed forces and military intelligence. The advisory activities of German experts became even more intensive as a result of increased trade between the two countries; however, in 1956 the political situation in Syria worsened and the country began moving towards the Eastern Bloc putting an end to the non-official activities of German military advisors.

This article examines the relationship between advisors and linguists in the contemporary military advising mission and applies an emergent postmodern military culture theoretical framework. This project’s multimethod collected data from Iraq, documents, and interviews. The study reveals an intriguing and nuanced story about the deployment of advisors and linguists in the advising mission. This article defines the military advising mission including the major actors. The article then introduces the postmodern military culture theoretical framework and method. The findings report many themes including linguist selection and hiring processes, the importance of advisor–linguist relationships, the relevance of linguists’ backgrounds, linguists as full advisory team members, and the building blocks of successful advising sessions. Effective advisors work with linguists to deploy a Swiss Army knife of cultural tools including peacekeeper diplomat, warrior, subject matter expert, innovator, and others to accomplish the mission, which divulge broader changes indicative of an emergent postmodern military and culture.

An essential responsibility of the U.S. Congress is holding the president accountable for the conduct of foreign policy. In this in-depth look at formal oversight hearings by the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees, Linda Fowler evaluates how the legislature's most visible and important watchdogs performed from the mid-twentieth century to the present. She finds a noticeable reduction in public and secret hearings since the mid-1990s and establishes that American foreign policy frequently violated basic conditions for democratic accountability. Committee scrutiny of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, she notes, fell below levels of oversight in prior major conflicts. Fowler attributes the drop in watchdog activity to growing disinterest among senators in committee work, biases among members who join the Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees, and motives that shield presidents, particularly Republicans, from public inquiry. Her detailed case studies of the Truman Doctrine, Vietnam War, Panama Canal Treaty, humanitarian mission in Somalia, and Iraq War illustrate the importance of oversight in generating the information citizens need to judge the president's national security policies. She argues for a reassessment of congressional war powers and proposes reforms to encourage Senate watchdogs to improve public deliberation about decisions of war and peace. Watchdogs on the Hillinvestigates America's national security oversight and its critical place in the review of congressional and presidential powers in foreign policy.

The first hotspots of WWII sprang up in the Far Eastern region of Asia because of the aggressive actions of Japan, the intent of which was directed at China. In the summer of 1937, upon occupying China’s northeastern provinces and creating there the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan, under the slogan Pan-Asianism ideas, the seizure of China at large started. Under this threat, the leadership of the Republic of China announced its readiness to fight against the aggressor and to carry on a long war with Japan. The Soviet Union began to provide serious support for China’s military by supplying weapons and sending military advisers, specialists, and volunteer pilots. In fact, during the war between China and Japan, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China formed a strategic partnership. Therefore, the Soviet support of China’s integrity helped its people to preserve the country in the general front of the Allied Powers in WWII.

This chapter contains sections titled: Military Advisors Military Assistance Advisory Groups (MAAGs) Bibliography

This chapter contains sections titled: Bibliography

U.S. Department of State has evidence of the presence of Cuban military advisors in Nicaragua but is not aware of the presence of Soviet military advisors there; U.S. Department of State is reviewing U.S. Economic assistance to Nicaragua because of reports that Arms smuggling to Guerrilla groups in El Salvador is continuing through Nicaraguan territory

Daniel Ortega Saavedra announces that he is sending the Nicaragua. National Assembly a list of 107 Contras who have been captured, so the Assembly can discuss the possibility of giving them Pardons; Ortega Administration (10 January 1985-25 April 1990) announces that one hundred Cuban military advisors are leaving Nicaragua on 2 May in accordance with the Contadora Peace Initiative and Nicaragua is prepared to send home all foreign Military advisors when other countries in Central America do the same

Roger Miranda Bengoechea served as Military officers in the Nicaragua. Sandinista Popular Army and worked in the [Nicaragua. Ministry of Defense; Nicaragua. National Assembly] before his Defection to the United States on 25 October 1987; Roger Miranda Bengoechea states that he defected because of his disillusionment with Corruption within the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and because he believes that the Contras \"are the legitimate representatives of the interests and hopes of the Nicaraguan people\"; U.S. Department of State. Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean reports that Defectors have provided Intelligence reports on aspects of Nicaragua's Military capability including its [Military equipment; Communications systems; Organizational structures; Military build-up; Soviet military advisors; Cuban military advisors] and on Nicaraguan support for the Farabundo Mart National Liberation Front (El Salvador); Soviet Union is reported to have promised but not delivered MiG-21 Aircraft to Nicaragua

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency asserts that the failure of [Military assistance; Economic assistance] to stem the growth of the National Resistance (Mozambique) or improve Economic conditions led Samora Machel to turn to [South Africa; United States; Western Europe] for assistance; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency discusses Soviet interests in Mozambique asserting that the Soviet Union has established a broad range of [Military relations; Economic relations; Foreign relations] with the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique since Mozambique gained its Independence; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency asserts that possibilities for increasing Soviet influence in Mozambique include increasing Economic assistance and upgrading [Soviet military advisors; Cuban military advisors] as well as pressing Fidel Castro Ruz to introduce Cuba. Armed Forces in support of Counterinsurgency operations; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency asserts that the Soviet Union is trying to reassert Soviet influence with Mozambique in order to gain access to [Airfields; Naval facilities] to enable it to monitor U.S. and South African activities in the region and undermine their Diplomatic initiatives as well as reestablishing Mozambique as a base of operations for anti-South Africa Liberation movements