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The Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG was a synthetic-fuel plant of strategic importance to the Nazi war machine. The surrounding area contained labour camps, factories and other military infrastructure. The area was a target for sustained Allied bombardment causing extensive damage to the plant and nearby towns and villages. After the war, the plant's troubled past faded before interest was revived in the 1990s. Here, with the aid of historical aerial photographs and modern remote-sensing methods, the authors document the physical remains of the site, reconstruct its ‘dark history’ and reflect on the significance of the Hydrierwerke for the discourse on neglected and appropriated Second World War heritage.

The terrible consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which continues on the territory of the Ukrainian land, and the consequences of natural disasters indicate the need to create alternative (reserve or emergency) sources of energy supply for enterprises, institutions, and individual households, and objects of small forms of management, especially outside the points of permanent deployment. Ensuring an uninterrupted and stable electricity supply to all these forms is an extremely important problem for Ukraine as the country faced a large number of challenges regarding energy independence due to numerous missile strikes. The purpose of the study was to analyze the energy system and the level of damage to Ukraine after the Russian missile attacks, the impact on the state of energy supply of individual facilities and consumers of military camps, examine the possibilities of using emergency and backup energy sources and alternative energy, in particular, solar and wind. The study analyses the destruction of the energy system of Ukraine as a result of missile attacks and the possibilities of using emergency and backup energy sources and alternative energy, in particular, solar and wind, and the investigation of the potential and opportunities to attract investment in the field of alternative energy. Special attention is paid to small business facilities, including military camps. In the course of the study, it was determined that Ukraine has a geographical location that provides space for the installation of various alternative energy systems and the possibility of combining them to diversify and improve the stability and reliability of the Ukrainian energy system. The practical importance of the study lies in the ability to make more informed decisions regarding the implementation of programs aimed at switching to alternative and decentralized energy sources. This will make the country’s energy infrastructure more stable and allow better meeting the energy needs of small forms of management, individual farms, military units, formations, and infrastructure facilities.

Purpose. To develop a solution for modernization of heat supply systems (HSS) of infrastructure complexes including, in particular, in military towns (MT), the problem of both efficient and effective heating of which is especially important at present. To develop a mathematical model for finding an effective solution to the problem of modernizing heating and detecting leaks of the heat-conductor. Methodology. Special and general methods are used: mathematical formalization – to build mathematical model of the problem of heat supply of MT and detection of heat-conductor leaks; induction and deduction – for choosing and substantiating the expediency of using equipment for HSS of MT; analysis and synthesis – for the development of a schematic solution HSS of MT. Findings. Decision options regarding the choice of heat-generating equipment for the modernization of HSS of MT are substantiated. A combined system using boilers and solar collectors is proposed. For the combined system, a schematic solution for integrating equipment into a single autonomous HSS of MT and an economical option for automatic system control are developed. For boilers of the combined system, it is suggested to use cheap and affordable fuel – pellets. A mathematical model has been developed for finding an effective system solution for HSS of MT and detecting heat-conductor leaks. Originality. Special requirements for HSS of MT were formulated: autonomy; high level of reliability, survivability; flexibility in ensuring the volume of heat supply during the day, week, season; minimizing the cost of equipment and fuel for it; the possibility of inexpensive repair and renewal. Variants of modernization of HSS in MT have been analyzed and a schematic solution of an integrated HSS of MT with combined use of generating equipment has been developed. Practical value. The developed mathematical model and schematic solution of HSS in MT as well as proposed options for using equipment and fuel for it allow ensuring the proper level of fulfillment of special requirements for HSS in MT.

The reforming of the armed forces caused huge and continuous cuts to the manpower and to the finances. Which resulted of the decommission of numerous barracks throughout the country. The size and structure of these forces was not appropriate for the threats that the country faced, and country did not have the required resources to develop a new form for its armed forces. The aim of this article was to investigate opportunities in the case of decommissioned barracks, which point to the possibility of re-using abandoned buildings and sites and reducing the environmental damage that can still be found there. Due to changes in the economy and society of Hungary at the end of the 20th century, the number of barracks/garrisons and the structure of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed substantially over the intervening years. Most of the garrisons in the countryside have been downsized by hasty decisions, leaving behind non-utilized and unsalvaged areas and in many cases a vast infrastructural heritage. Opportunities for the utilization of these abandoned facilities and the amelioration of environmental damage must be sought. Therefore, it was necessary to map and investigate the current conditions of these former garrisons. The author visited most of the closed barracks in all the counties of Hungary. The author also searched for information about Hungarian and Soviet barracks and examined the condition of decommissioned barracks at first only the possibility of their utilization was considered, later, an environmental point of view was added.

Whereas existing literature on the interactions among law, adaptive governance, and resilience in the water sector often focuses on quality or supply issues, this paper addresses adaptation in national water laws in relation to increasing flood risks. In particular, this paper analyzes the extent to which legal rules governing flood defense infrastructure in a selection of European countries (England, France, Sweden, and The Netherlands) allow for response and adaptation to change and uncertainty. Although there is evidence that the legal rules on the development of new infrastructure require that changing conditions be considered, the adaptation of existing infrastructure is a more complicated matter. Liability rules fail to adequately address damages resulting from causes external to the action or inaction of owners and managers, in particular extreme events. A trend toward clearer, and in some cases, increased public powers to ensure the safety of flood defense infrastructure is observed. The paper concludes that legal rules should ensure not only that decisions to build flood defenses are based on holistic and future-oriented assessments, but also that this is reflected in the implementation and operation of these structures.

Elazı, an eastern Anatolian province, became an internal border within Turkey in the 1930s, when neighboring Dersim’s historically autonomous Kurdish tribes rebelled against the Turkish state’s centralizing and assimilationist policies. The government responded with overwhelming force, destroying a third of the villages in the province, cordoning off Dersim, and forcibly evacuating survivors to western Turkey. Thereafter, travel beyond Elazı into this combat zone required special passport-like permits. Railroads, touted primarily as instruments of national integration and defense against foreign aggression, were in reality used to ferry troops into battle and Dersimis out of their homelands. New surveillance and communication technologies transformed the terrain into a highly militarized landscape. Despite formal similarities to their counterparts elsewhere in Turkey, Elazı’s state-run institutions engendered practices that reinforced ethnoreligious hierarchies.Zeynep Kezerdescribes this extraordinary concentration of the state apparatus between Dersim and Elazı during the early years of the Turkish Republic and explores the spatiality of borders as inhabited surfaces rather than linear formations inSpatializing Difference: The Making of an Internal Border in Early Republican Elazı, Turkey.

Accountability in grant-making requires a valid, fair and transparent selection process. This study proposes a four-step framework for validating such a process: determine standards for qualified applicants, assess inter-reviewer reliability, assess factorial validity, and assess reliability. This framework is applied to the Corporation for National and Community Service's 2013 RSVP grant-making process. The standards were close to the highest points of reliability. Inter-reviewer reliability was above 0.90, a common threshold for high-stakes measurement. After conducting confirmatory factor analysis, the final model merged two of the original five domains of selection criteria, resulting in four domains. The final model was found to have strict measurement invariance, high convergent validity, and measurement reliability between 0.88 and 0.93 for all domains. The results validate the 2013 review process and indicated that the scores exhibited high degrees of reliability, giving public assurance that the process was sufficiently objective and accurately reflected program priorities. La responsabilité en matière d'octroi de subventions nécessite un processus de sélection valide, équitable et transparent. Cette étude propose un cadre en quatre étapes pour la validation de ce processus : déterminer les critères pour les demandeurs qualifiés, évaluer la fiabilité entre les examinateurs, évaluer la validité factorielle et évaluer la fiabilité. Ce cadre est appliqué au processus d'octroi de subventions RSVP de 2013 de la Corporation for National and Community Service. Les critères étaient proches des points les plus hauts de fiabilité. La fiabilité entre les examinateurs était supérieure à 0,90, un seuil commun pour la mesure des enjeux majeurs. Après avoir procédé à une analyse factorielle confirmatoire, le modèle final a combiné deux des cinq domaines originaux des critères de sélection, ce qui a conduit à quatre domaines. Il a été constaté que le modèle final avait une invariance de mesure stricte, une validité convergente élevée et une fiabilité de mesure entre 0,88 et 0,93 pour tous les domaines. Les résultats valident le processus d'examen de 2013 et ont indiqué que les points présentaient des degrés élevés de fiabilité, ce qui donne aux citoyens l'assurance que le processus était suffisamment objectif et qu'il reflétait fidèlement les priorités du programme. Die Rechenschaftslegung bei der Vergabe von Fördermitteln erfordert ein gültiges, faires und transparentes Auswahlverfahren. Diese Studie schlägt ein Vier-Stufen-Rahmenwerk zur Validierung eines solchen Verfahrens vor: das Festlegen von Standards für qualifizierte Bewerber, die Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit interner Prüfer, die Bewertung der faktoriellen Validität und die Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit. Dieses Rahmen werk wird auf das 2013 von der RSVP-Organisation der Corporation for National and Community Service durchgeführte Verfahren zur Vergabe von Fördermitteln angewandt. Die Standards erreichten beinahe die höchsten Messwerte für die Zuverlässigkeit. Die Zuverlässigkeit interner Prüfer lag über 0,90, ein üblicher Grenzwert für höchst relevante Messungen. Nach Durchführung einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse wurden in dem letztendlichen Modell zwei der ursprünglich fünf Bereiche der Auswahlkriterien zu einem Bereich zusammengefasst, so dass am Ende vier Bereiche vorlagen. Das endgültige Modell wies für alle Bereiche eine strikte Messungsinvarianz, eine höchst konvergente Validität und eine Messzuverlässigkeit zwischen 0,88 und 0,93 auf. Die Ergebnisse validieren das Prüfverfahren von 2013 und zeigen, dass die Werte ein hohes Maß an Zuverlässigkeit darstellen, wodurch öffentlich versichert wird, dass das Verfahren ausreichend objektiv war und die Programmprioritäten korrekt widerspiegelte. La responsabilidad en la concesión de subvenciones requiere un proceso de selección válido, justo y transparente. El presente estudio propone un marco de cuatro pasos para validar dicho proceso: determinar normas para los demandantes cualificados, evaluar la fiabilidad entre revisores, evaluar la validez factorial, y evaluar la fiabilidad. Este marco se aplica al proceso de concesión de subvenciones RSVP 2013 de la Corporation for National and Community Services (Corporación para Servicios Comunitarios y Nacionales). Las normas estuvieron muy cerca de los puntos más altos de fiabilidad. La fiabilidad entre revisores estuvo por encima de 0,90, un umbral común para la medición de alta exigencia. Después de realizar el análisis confirmatorio de factores, el modelo final fusionó dos de los cinco campos originales de criterios de selección, dando lugar a cuatro campos. Se encontró que el modelo final tenía una invarianza de medida estricta, una fiabilidad de medición y validez altamente convergentes entre 0,88 y 0,93 para todos los campos. Los resultados validan el proceso de revisión de 2013 e indican que las puntuaciones mostraban altos grados de fiabilidad, ofreciendo la garantía pública de que el proceso fue suficientemente objetivo y reflejó con precisión las prioridades del programa.

Taken-for-granted assumptions that were dispelled by the 2005 experiences of Hurricane Katrina & its aftermath are examined, focusing on the belief that a technologically advanced society could readily handle such disasters. Contributions to this special journal section on the disaster are introduced, highlighting their analyses of problems of infrastructure & risk. References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright 2007.]

From the late eighteenth to early twentieth century, California, and especially the San Francisco Bay Area, underwent significant demographic, political, and cultural changes. The strategic location of the San Francisco Bay necessitated the development and installation of seacoast defenses by each reigning government. Point San Jose, a fort located on the northeastern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, developed in response to a multitude of regional and global events. Point San Jose has seen a variety of uses from its early beginnings as a Spanish garrison to its expansion and increased artillery installation during the Civil War, to its role