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In antebellum society, women were regarded as ideal nurses because of their sympathetic natures. However, they were expected to exercise their talents only in the home; nursing strange men in hospitals was considered inappropriate, if not indecent. Nevertheless, in defiance of tradition, Confederate women set up hospitals early in the Civil War and organized volunteers to care for the increasing number of sick and wounded soldiers. As a fledgling government engaged in a long and bloody war, the Confederacy relied on this female labor, which prompted a new understanding of women's place in public life and a shift in gender roles. Challenging the assumption that Southern women's contributions to the war effort were less systematic and organized than those of Union women,Worth a Dozen Menlooks at the Civil War as a watershed moment for Southern women. Female nurses in the South played a critical role in raising army and civilian morale and reducing mortality rates, thus allowing the South to continue fighting. They embodied a new model of heroic energy and nationalism, and came to be seen as the female equivalent of soldiers. Moreover, nursing provided them with a foundation for pro-Confederate political activity, both during and after the war, when gender roles and race relations underwent dramatic changes. Worth a Dozen Menchronicles the Southern wartime nursing experience, tracking the course of the conflict from the initial burst of Confederate nationalism to the shock and sorrow of losing the war. Through newspapers and official records, as well as letters, diaries, and memoirs-not only those of the remarkable and dedicated women who participated, but also of the doctors with whom they served, their soldier patients, and the patients' families-a comprehensive picture of what it was like to be a nurse in the South during the Civil War emerges.

Florence Nightingale is one of the most famous figures in modern history. Yet much of what we know of her emanates from unreliable second-hand accounts, and from a misreading of the primary sources.Florence Nightingale at First Hand by Lynn McDonald, editor of Nightingale's Collected Works, and the world's foremost Nightingale authority, aims to put this right. This is a book which reports what Florence Nightingale said and did, based on her writing, of which a massive amount survives, scattered in over two hundred archives throughout the world. Published to commemorate the centenary of Nightingale's death, McDonald's study presents a Florence Nightingale for the twenty-first century, as an author of great style and wit, a systems thinker and pioneering public health reformer - the heroine and nurse were only the start.

'In Search of Mary Seacole' is a revealing biography that explores her remarkable achievements and unique status as an icon of the 19th century, but also corrects some of the myths that have grown around her life and career. Having been raised in Jamaica and worked in Panama, Mary Seacole came to England in the 1850s and volunteered to help out during the Crimean War. When her services were turned down, she financed her own expedition to Balaclava, where she earned her reputation as a nurse and for her compassion. Popularly known as 'Mother Seacole', she was the most famous Black celebrity of her generation - an extraordinary achievement in Victorian Britain.

Downs's subject is how, beginning in the mid-18th century, violence associated with colonialism, slavery, and war influenced the theory and practice of medicine and, allegedly, of epidemiology. In eight chapters, an introduction, and a conclusion, he presents some wellknown and some less-known evidence to justify his argument.Each chapter is a case study of one or several episodes in the relationship between violence and the history of medicine. Downs begins by presenting the speculations of doctors on slave ships and prisons about the effects of bad air in \"crowded places\" (pp. 17-18). There is a chapter on the \"decline of contagion theory and the rise of epidemiology.\" The next chapter is a detailed study of \"tracing fever in Cape Verde.\" Downs then generalizes from this study to describe \"epidemiological practices in the British Empire,\" emphasizingthe centrality of \"recordkeeping\" in imperial bureaucracies.Moving away from medicine, he then focuses on the contributions of Florence Nightingale, commonly considered to be the founder of modern nursing and hospital epidemiology,1 whom he calls the \"unrecognized epidemiologist of the Crimean War and India\" (p. 88). The book summarizes Nightingale's contribution to the conceptualization and analysis of data about populations experiencing severe infectious diseases. He follows this chapter with studies of the history of the US Sanitary Commission during the American Civil War and the subsequent influence of its work, a history he summarizes as \"from benevolence to bigotry.\" His cases conclude with a study of the \"narrative maps\" devised to document the interaction of Black troops and Muslim pilgrims duringthe cholera pandemic of 1865-1866.Downs offers many examples of clinical observations made by doctors in captive populations, but the weakness of Downs's thesis is his attempt to link these episodes that belong to the history of medicine, as the title of the book clearly indicates, to the history of epidemiology. Downs seems to believe that doctors practice epidemiology when they examine their cases within largescale \"captive\" populations such as military hospitals and camps, slave ships, prisons, and so on (p. 6). But doctors have attended large numbers of people since antiquity-that is, thousands of years before the emergence of epidemiology in the 17th century. Downs does not seem to realize that a clinical practice, even within a ship, a prison, or a concentration camp, remains a medical act as long as the multitude of individual cases itself does not become the new dimension of analysis-that is, assessed as a population, divided into groups, and compared.

The paper examines the introduction of trained female nurses for the British army men in colonial India between 1888 and 1920. It discusses the genesis of the Indian Nursing Service (INS), including the background and negotiations leading up to its formation, terms of employment, duties and working conditions of the nursing sisters. The memoir of Catharine Grace Loch, who served as the first Chief Lady Superintendent of the service is used extensively to trace the early experiences and challenges of the nursing sisters. The paper primarily argues that the INS being a new service, the colonial government maintained tight control over its functioning, and extreme conservatism in spending, thus retarding the growth of professional army nursing in India. Secondly, in examining the relations between the sisters and the (male) nursing orderlies, sub-medical and medical officers, the paper argues that the inadequate delineation of the nursing sisters’ position in the military medical hierarchy was an important reason for the undermining of their expertise and status. Thirdly, the paper contends that as an all-women service, nursing constituted an important avenue of female agency within the patriarchal colonial establishment, which subjected the sisters to scrutiny both professionally and socially. The paper analyses the resultant conditions and regulations imposed on the sisters – most of them determined by gender and class notions. Finally, the paper discusses the gradual establishment and recognition of the service as an important cornerstone for the health of the army, while highlighting the shortcomings that yet persisted up until 1920.

Unique realities influenced the development of the military nursing profession in Israel. While other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, established military hospitals staffed by separately trained military nurses, conditions in Israel led to the development of interlocking military and civilian healthcare sectors, as the young country responded simultaneously to healthcare needs brought on by war, ongoing attacks on civilians, and massive waves of immigrants, including European Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab countries. Relying on an analysis of documents in multiple archives, contemporaneous newspaper articles and interviews conducted with nurses who served in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1956 Sinai Campaign, this paper describes the development of the nursing profession in Israel through 1958, when military nursing was fully established as part of the civilian health sector, a reality that continues to the present.

Louis, Chicago, and Tulsa between 1917 and 1921; help for African American and white Southerners after the Mississippi flood of 1927; relief projects during the Dust Bowl and after the New DealAn epilogue relates the history of the American Red Cross since the beginning of World War II and illuminates the organization's current practices as well as its international reputation.

Affectionately called \"Mother Seacole\" by the British soldiers she tended during the Crimean War, Mary Seacole--a Jamaican woman born in 1805 to a Scottish father and a Jamaican mother--has been recognized with a statue erected outside St Thomas' Hospital in London. The statue--realized after 12 years of campaigning by the Mary Seacole Memorial Statue Appeal-- was unveiled on Jun 30. It's the first UK statue dedicated to a named black woman.