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"Millimeter wave devices"
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Optimized recess etching criteria for T‐gate fabrication achieving ft = 290 GHz at Lg = 124 nm in metamorphic high electron mobility transistor with In0.7Ga0.3As channel
The authors propose criteria for recess etching to fabricate T‐gate used in InGaAs high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). By patterning additional rectangular pads on the source and drain metals in the e‐beam lithography step, it is possible to measure the drain‐to‐source resistance (Rds) and current (Ids). The ratio (Γ) of before and after etching for each Rds and Ids can be used as criteria to determine the point in time to stop etching. By performing recess etching with Γ= 1.97 for Rds and Γ= 0.38 for Ids on an epiwafer having cap doping concentration of 2 × 1019 cm−3 and channel indium content of 0.7, the authors have fabricated InGaAs metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) device showing gm,max= 1603 mS/mm and ft= 290 GHz at Lg= 124 nm. The criteria presented can be applied to InGaAs HEMTs with various epitaxial structures. The criteria presented in this article suggest using the ratio of before and after etching for each drain‐to‐source resistance and current to determine the optimal timing for stopping the recess etching process. By referring these criteria, it would be helpful to fabricate high‐performance InGaAs HEMTs with different epitaxial structures.
Journal Article
Printable Liquid Metal‐Textiles for Deformation‐Insensitive and Electromagnetically Robust mmWave Devices
Millimeter‐wave technologies are critical to the next generation of wireless body area networks, offering high data rates an d wide bandwidths. However, realizing mechanically robust and electromagnetically stable mmWave devices remains a significant challenge due to the high sensitivity of radio‐frequency performance to conductive degradation under deformation. Here, we report a strategy to fabricate deformation‐insensitive, high‐performance mmWave electronic textiles (E‐textiles) by combining specially engineered liquid metal (LM) inks with a high‐resolution “dual‐mask” printing technique. The LM inks, composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐stabilized gallium‐based nanodroplets, exhibit excellent surface compatibility, self‐healing behavior, and high conductivity (∼11.16 mΩ/sq), enabling the formation of conformal, durable circuits on textiles. We demonstrate a 26 GHz LM‐textile antenna array maintaining 9.65 dBi gain after repeated bending, as well as a microstrip transmission line with a negligible attenuation increase after mechanical cycling. Compared to printed silver inks and metallic‐cloth‐based antennas, the LM‐textile antenna exhibits superior mechanical reliability and maintains a wireless transmission range of 4.5 meters for high‐definition images. These results establish LM‐textiles as a promising platform for future wearable mmWave devices, offering scalable, flexible, and resilient solutions for high‐frequency wireless communication. We present a textile‐compatible, self‐healing liquid metal ink and a dual‐mask printing technique for high‐resolution patterning. Using this approach, we demonstrate high‐performance millimeter‐wave (mmWave) electronic textiles that exhibit exceptional insensitivity to deformation. This work effectively addresses the critical challenge of performance degradation in flexible mmWave devices under repeated mechanical stress, thereby paving the way for next‐generation, high‐speed wearable wireless systems.
Journal Article
RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon
This book presents the challenges and solutions of designing power amplifiers at RF and mm-Wave frequencies in a silicon-based process technology. It covers practical power amplifier design methodologies, energy- and spectrum-efficient power amplifier design examples in the RF frequency for cellular and wireless connectivity applications, and power amplifier and power generation designs for enabling new communication and sensing applications in the mm-Wave and THz frequencies.
eBook
Planar slow wave structure traveling wave tubes
Traveling wave tubes play a crucial role in fields like communication and broadcasting. Planar slow wave structure traveling wave tubes can settle the power limitation caused by the size reduction in traditional cylindrical-beam traveling wave tubes. Therefore, there are increasingly more researchers contributing to the development of planar slow wave structure traveling wave tubes. As a competitive candidate for 5G/6G communication, planar slow wave structure traveling wave tubes are attracting a lot of attention. Yet there has not yet been a book which specifically introduces the key points in the development of such a device, this is that book. Readers will learn how planar slow wave structure traveling wave tubes work and how to design wideband, high efficiency, miniature millimeter wave and terahertz wave amplifiers. Part of IOP Series in Electromagnetics and Metamaterials.
eBook
Deep Learning Derived Object Detection and Tracking Technology Based on Sensor Fusion of Millimeter-Wave Radar/Video and Its Application on Embedded Systems
This paper proposes a deep learning-based mmWave radar and RGB camera sensor early fusion method for object detection and tracking and its embedded system realization for ADAS applications. The proposed system can be used not only in ADAS systems but also to be applied to smart Road Side Units (RSU) in transportation systems to monitor real-time traffic flow and warn road users of probable dangerous situations. As the signals of mmWave radar are less affected by bad weather and lighting such as cloudy, sunny, snowy, night-light, and rainy days, it can work efficiently in both normal and adverse conditions. Compared to using an RGB camera alone for object detection and tracking, the early fusion of the mmWave radar and RGB camera technology can make up for the poor performance of the RGB camera when it fails due to bad weather and/or lighting conditions. The proposed method combines the features of radar and RGB cameras and directly outputs the results from an end-to-end trained deep neural network. Additionally, the complexity of the overall system is also reduced such that the proposed method can be implemented on PCs as well as on embedded systems like NVIDIA Jetson Xavier at 17.39 fps.
Journal Article
3D segmentation denoising technology of millimeter wave human body security imaging
To meet the demand of noise reduction in millimeter‐wave human body security imaging, this paper proposes a new method for 3D segmentation denoising in millimeter‐wave images. The test results indicate that with the incorporation of 3D segmentation denoising technology, the noise in the background area of millimeter wave images has decreased by approximately 20–40 dB, significantly improving image quality. The detection rate has increased from 90% to 95%, while the false positive rate has decreased from 13% to 5%. This has important practical significance for real‐world applications. To meet the demand of noise reduction in millimeter‐wave human body security imaging, this paper proposes a new method for 3D segmentation denoising in millimeter‐wave images. The test results indicate that with the incorporation of 3D segmentation denoising technology, the noise in the background area of millimeter wave images has decreased by approximately 20–40 dB, significantly improving image quality. The detection rate has increased from 90% to 95%, while the false positive rate has decreased from 13% to 5%. This has important practical significance for real‐world applications.
Journal Article
Water Surface Acoustic Wave Detection by a Millimeter Wave Radar
Feature extraction and recognition of underwater targets are important in military and civilian areas. This paper studied water surface acoustic wave (WSAW) detection by a millimeter wave (mmWave) radar. The mmWave-based endpoint detection method of the WSAW was introduced. Simulated results show that the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method has a better detection performance. A 77 GHz large aperture antenna mmWave radar sensor and an underwater acoustic transmitter have been applied to conduct laboratory experiments. Still water surface experimental results verify that the CWT method has better detection capability, and the mmWave radar can accurately detect even 155 nm WSAW. Wavy water surface experimental results demonstrate the ability of the mmWave radar to analyze the time-frequency feature of the weak WSAW signal. These works indicate the potential of mmWave radar for the cross-medium detection and recognition of underwater targets.
Journal Article
Microwave Liquid Crystal Technology
Tunable Liquid Crystal (LC)-based microwave components are of increasing interest in academia and industry. Based on these components, numerous applications can be targeted such as tunable microwave filters and beam-steering antenna systems. With the commercialization of first LC-steered antennas for Ku-band e.g., by Kymeta and Alcan Systems, LC-based microwave components left early research stages behind. With the introduction of terrestrial 5G communications systems, moving to millimeter-wave communication, these systems can benefit from the unique properties of LC in terms of material quality. In this paper, we show recent developments in millimeter wave phase shifters for antenna arrays. The limits of classical high-performance metallic rectangular waveguides are clearly identified. A new implementation with dielectric waveguides is presented and compared to classic approaches.
Journal Article