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Mindfulness—the awareness of the present moment and experiences in daily life—contributes to genuine intrinsic and socialoriented values and curbs materialistic and hedonistic values. In the context of materialism, money is power. Avaricious individuals take risks and are likely to engage in dishonesty. Very little research has investigated the effects of mindfulness in reducing the avaricious monetary attitudes and enhancing ethical consumer beliefs. In this study, we theorize that mindfulness improves consumer ethics directly and indirectly by lowering avaricious monetary attitudes. To test our theory, we collected data from 523 individuals with the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training and 307 individuals without MBSR. The results of our whole sample (#=830) support our theory. Three multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFAs) reveal intriguing discoveries. First, with MBSR training, mindfulness excites consumer ethical beliefs directly and indirectly. Without training, trait mindfulness fails to reduce monetary attitudes—mindfulness training matters. Second, the power of MBSR training holds for participants completing the training within 1 year, but wears off after 1 year—the duration after training matters. Finally, after 1 year, the training retains its strength for those who practice mindfulness, but weakens its power for those who do not—practice matters. We shed light on mindfulness, monetary wisdom, and consumer ethics, in particular, and business ethics, in general.

Hypertension is a leading contributor to cardiovascular disorders globally. There has been a recent upsurge in non-pharmacological management involving mindfulness-based meditation (MBM) in lowering blood pressure (BP) among the hypertensive population; however, the level of supportive evidence among patients primarily diagnosed with hypertension remain limited. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of MBM on BP explicitly in adults primarily diagnosed with elevated blood pressure or hypertension. A database search of RCTs was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science until December 2023. The effect size score was calculated for variables of interest followed by qualitative analysis. Nine studies with 543 participants (mean age 54.9±9.0) met the pre-specified eligibility criteria. Eight trials reported MBM convincing in lowering the systolic BP (p=0.001–0.020) and 6 in reducing the diastolic BP (p=0.001–0.01) among this target population. There was a disparity of gender in 7 studies and 4 trials did not report the ethnicity of participants. The methodological quality of the trials was gratifying, however, most studies presented with absence of allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessors, fragmentary reporting of data, and high attrition rate that potentially affected the validity of trials. MBM interventions may serve as an early preventive and supportive measure for adults with elevated BP or hypertension. However, more robust and rigorous trials with a larger, homogeneous sample and long-term follow-up are necessary to quantify the magnitude of this intervention. Moreover, the methodological issues may affect the overall quality and reliability of MBM interventions; hence, future studies must also address the risk of bias due to inadequate blinding and high attrition through treatment concealment and personalized engagement measures. •MBM is beneficial in lowering both SBP and DBP among adults with elevated BP or hypertension.•Eight studies reported MBM to be helpful in reducing SBP and 7 trials indicated MBM useful in alleviating DBP.•Trials examining the effect of MBM exhibited a noticeable selection and publication bias.•Limitations included a small sample size, discrepancies in type, duration, and dosage of MBM and lack of long-term follow-up.

Many breast cancer survivors have to deal with a variety of psychological and physiological sequelae including impaired immune responses. The primary purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the efficacy of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention for mood disorders in women with breast cancer. Secondary outcomes were symptom experience, health status, coping capacity, mindfulness, posttraumatic growth, and immune status. This RTC assigned 166 women with breast cancer to one of three groups: MBSR (8 weekly group sessions of MBSR), active controls (self‐instructing MBSR) and non‐MBSR. The primary outcome measure was the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcome measures were: Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, SF‐36, Sense of Coherence, Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Posttraumatic Growth Index. Blood samples were analyzed using flow cytometry for NK‐cell activity (FANKIA) and lymphocyte phenotyping; concentrations of cytokines were determined in sera using commercial high sensitivity IL‐6 and IL‐8 ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Results provide evidence for beneficial effects of MBSR on psychological and biological responses. Women in the MBSR group experienced significant improvements in depression scores, with a mean pre‐MBSR HAD‐score of 4.3 and post‐MBSR score of 3.3 (P = 0.001), and compared to non‐MBSR (P = 0.015). Significant improvements on scores for distress, symptom burden, and mental health were also observed. Furthermore, MBSR facilitated coping capacity as well as mindfulness and posttraumatic growth. Significant benefits in immune response within the MBSR group and between groups were observed. MBSR have potential for alleviating depression, symptom experience, and for enhancing coping capacity, mindfulness and posttraumatic growth, which may improve breast cancer survivorship. MBSR also led to beneficial effect on immune function; the clinical implications of this finding merit further research. MBSR alleviates depression and symptom experience and enhance coping capacity which may improve breast cancer survivorship. MBSR also led to changes in immune response.

Background The purpose of the present study was to conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) to lend support to a larger effectiveness RCT comparing Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), a locally-developed stress reduction intervention (LSR) and a waiting list control group in a Danish municipal health care center setting. Methods A three-armed parallel pilot RCT was conducted among 71 adults who contacted a Danish municipal health care center due to stress-related problems. Recruitment was made between January and April 2018 and followed usual procedures. Exclusion criteria: 1) acute treatment-demanding clinical depression or diagnosis of psychosis or schizophrenia, 2) abuse of alcohol, drugs, medicine, 3) pregnancy. Randomisation was performed by an independent data manager using the REDCap electronic data capture tool. The primary outcome was a description of RCT feasibility (recruitment and retention rates regarding intervention participation and 12-week follow-up). Secondary outcomes were completion rates regarding questionnaire data and proposed effect-estimates of outcome measures considered to be used in the following real RCT. Type of intervention and outcome assessment were not blinded. Results We recruited 71 of 129 eligible individuals from the target population (55, 95%CI: 46–64). Forty-two (59%) were females. Median age: 44 years (1-quartile:34, 3-quartile:50). Twenty-nine (41%) had < 16 years of education. Forty-eight (68%) were employed; 30 of these 48 (63%) were on sick leave. Mean scores for perceived stress (PSS): 25.4 ± 5.3; symptoms of anxiety and depression (SCL-5): 2.9 ± 0.6, and well-being (WHO-5): 31.7 ± 8.5 indicated a need for intervention. 16/24 (67, 95%CI: 45 to 84) who were allocated to MBSR and 17/23 (74, 95%CI: 52 to 90) who were allocated to LSR participated in ≥5 sessions. The loss to follow-up at 12 weeks: MBSR: 5 (21% (95% CI: 7 to 42), LSR: 5 (22% (95% CI: 7 to 44) and waiting list: 4 (17% (95% CI: 5 to 37). This was acceptable and evenly distributed. The results indicated MBSR to be superior. Conclusions An RCT assessing the effectiveness of stress reduction interventions in a real-life municipal health care setting is feasible among adults with a clear need for stress reduction interventions based on scores on mental health. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT03663244 . Registered September 10, 2018.

Aim This study aimed to adopt online mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) training to increase the resilience of nursing interns and help them to achieve a smooth transition. Design A one‐group pretest‐posttest study design was used. Methods A total of 119 college nursing interns were recruited from 12 tertiary hospitals in Beijing on Feb.20, 2021. The MBSR training was organized into 4 weeks of courses, conducted online using Tencent Meeting and taught by a certified teacher at the Oxford Mindfulness Centre. Resilience was assessed before and 2 weeks after the training, respectively, using Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents via an online questionnaire tool. Results Seventy‐nine college nursing interns finished both of the resilience questionnaire surveys. The mean resilience values before and after the training were 98.7 ± 13.69 and 104.57 ± 16.64 respectively. The 4‐week online MBSR training considerably increased the resilience of nursing interns. This can be an effective measure to maintain a balanced state among nursing interns and help them smoothly transition from school to clinical practice. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Background Supporting prenatal mental health in women with a preconception history of mental disorders or psychosocial vulnerability is important for a positive transition to parenthood. There is a need for more evidence-based and non-pharmacological mental health interventions in antenatal care. The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate the feasibility of prenatal MBSR, which is an adaption of Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). This to inform a randomized controlled trial. Methods/design The trial was conducted at an obstetric outpatient clinic at Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark. The outpatient clinic specializes in antenatal care for pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities. Pregnant women were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving prenatal MBSR or a waitlist control group. The primary outcome was the feasibility of a full-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT). Second, to examine trends in self-reported outcomes, i.e., mental well-being, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, decentering, reflective functioning, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Results Of 123 eligible women, 73 consented to participate (59.3%). The majority (75.3%) were nulliparous. The mean age was 30.7 (SD 4.7) years, and most participants were employed (74%) and living with a partner (93.1%) at the time of recruitment. The majority of participants had a history of one or more mental disorders. Most frequently depression or an anxiety disorder. For the intervention group ( n  = 37), 54.1% completed the prenatal MBSR program. The loss to follow-up was 56.8% for the intervention group ( n  = 21) and 50% for the waitlist control group ( n  = 18). For the secondary outcomes, all variables except for reflective functioning pointed in the expected direction, e.g., improved mental well-being, reduced mental distress, and more self-compassion. Conclusions The results from this trial suggest that prenatal MBSR is a feasible intervention for a clinical setting, supporting the conduct of an RCT. Strategies for improving adherence and reducing the extent of missing data would be advisable in a future RCT. Overall, there is a need for more evidence-based and non-pharmacological interventions addressing prenatal mental health. Results from a future RCT could thus be of relevance to antenatal care. Trial registration NCT04571190, September 30, 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Background: Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) and massage may be useful adjunctive therapies for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of studying MBSR and massage for the management of chronic pain and estimate their effects on pain and mood. Design: Randomized trial comparing MBSR or massage with standard care. Participants: Thirty patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Measurements: Pain was assessed with 0 to 10 numeric rating scales. Physical and mental health status was measured with the SF‐12. Results: The study completion rate was 76.7%. At week 8, the massage group had average difference scores for pain unpleasantness of 2.9 and mental health status of 13.6 compared with 0.13 (P<.05) and 3.9 (P<.04), respectively, for the standard care group. These differences were no longer significant at week 12. There were no significant differences in the pain outcomes for the MBSR group. At week 12, the mean change in mental health status for the MBSR group was 10.2 compared with −1.7 in the standard care group (P<.04). Conclusions: It is feasible to study MBSR and massage in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Mindfulness‐based stress reduction may be more effective and longer‐lasting for mood improvement while massage may be more effective for reducing pain.

There has been an explosion of interest in mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. This is demonstrated in increased research, implementation of MBPs in healthcare, educational, criminal justice and workplace settings, and in mainstream interest. For the sustainable development of the field there is a need to articulate a definition of what an MBP is and what it is not. This paper provides a framework to define the essential characteristics of the family of MBPs originating from the parent program MBSR, and the processes which inform adaptations of MBPs for different populations or contexts. The framework addresses the essential characteristics of the program and of teacher. MBPs: are informed by theories and practices that draw from a confluence of contemplative traditions, science, and the major disciplines of medicine, psychology and education; underpinned by a model of human experience which addresses the causes of human distress and the pathways to relieving it; develop a new relationship with experience characterized by present moment focus, decentering and an approach orientation; catalyze the development of qualities such as joy, compassion, wisdom, equanimity and greater attentional, emotional and behavioral self-regulation, and engage participants in a sustained intensive training in mindfulness meditation practice, in an experiential inquiry-based learning process and in exercises to develop understanding. The paper's aim is to support clarity, which will in turn support the systematic development of MBP research, and the integrity of the field during the process of implementation in the mainstream.

Our aim was to investigate effectiveness of mindfulness by bibliotherapy on disability, distress, perceived pain and mindfulness in women with tension headaches and migraines. Primary headaches have been of great interest to mental health researchers because of the high prevalence, as well as significant disability and distress in the affected people. Despite the promising results of in-person treatment and some limitations that such interventions may cause, patients may be encountered with problems when using health care services. The present study is a quasi-experimental randomized design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The study population consisted of 1396 women with migraine headache referring to headache clinic of Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. Of these, 30 patients (including tboh experimental and control group) were selected by objective sampling method and were randomly assigned to the two groups. The experimental group, in addition to medical treatment as usual, was treated for a period of 8 sessions by Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Internet-based Bibliotherapy, but the control group used only the medical treatment. The sample had no attritions. Data were collected by the four scales of (DASS-21), Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS), McGill's Short Form Questionnaire (MPQ-SF), and Mindfulness Inventory (MAAS). We used covariance analysis to analyze the findings in the measured scales. MBSR-IBB treatment had no significant effect on pain sensory dimension (P<0.44), despite improvement of mindfulness (P<0.0001). In contrast, the greatest effect was on the level of disability (P<0.0001). We observed also a significant improvement in distress (P<0.0001). In conclusion, in spite of the presence of headaches, the mindfulness improved the quality of life and reduced the level of mental distress. In addition, using the Internet-based bibliotherapy method, these services can be used with easier access, lower cost, and more flexibility.

Background This protocol is for a feasibility study of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program adapted for pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities. The rationale for the study is the need for a wider array of evidence-based options to address prenatal mental health care needs in pregnant women. MBSR is a promising mental health intervention but has not yet been adapted for pregnant women with the aim of addressing prenatal mental health. The purpose is thus to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of an adapted MBSR program, prenatal MBSR, compared to usual care to inform a randomized controlled trial. Methods/design Pregnant women (n = 60) referred to an outpatient clinic at Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark, will be recruited for the study. The design is a single-center feasibility trial, with prenatal MBSR, as an add-on to usual care. The primary outcome is to assess the feasibility of a full-scale randomized controlled trial. The secondary feasibility outcome includes possible effects of the adapted MBSR program estimated by self-report questionnaires measuring stress, anxiety, depression, well-being, decentering, reflective functioning, mindfulness, and compassion. Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to prenatal MBSR or usual care. Discussion The study is part of the Good Start to Family Life study anchored at Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Denmark. Teaching the skills of mindfulness meditation to a psychosocially vulnerable group of pregnant women could prove a viable and non-pharmacological approach to reduce stress, improve mental health, and provide support in the transition to parenthood. The outcomes of the feasibility study will inform the design of a fully powered randomized controlled trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04571190 . Registered on September 30, 2020