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This paper is a review discussing Rwanda's mineral reserves. It aims to identify challenges and opportunities for investment and development of the country's mining sector. Data were collected from the literature review including existing published books, articles, mining reports, and online documents on Rwandan mineral reserves from the GoR and NISR. Results show that Rwanda's mineral resources and reserves are thin, owing to the nature of the largely artisanal and small-scale mining activities in the country that are associated with very limited mine planning and exploration. The Rwandan government and mining industries have been undertaking initiatives to increase mineral production efficiency because Rwanda exports most of its mineral resources. To ensure sustainable development from mineral exports and more attraction from foreign investors, there is a need to understand the available mineral reserve in the country and the current status of environmental degradation due to mining. In addition, Rwanda requires large foreign investments to explore the mineral industry. Therefore, to determine enough targets for such investments, researchers and policymakers should comprehend in-depth the current accessible mineral reserve, exploration status, and gaps for future investments to enhance mineral-generated income. Thus, this article discusses the available mineral reserve and the current level of exploration. Furthermore, Rwanda's mining sector management characteristics are highlighted. This article's data have highlighted measures that should be adopted to ensure the full-speed development of Rwanda's mines exports.

Successful delivery of the United Nations sustainable development goals and implementation of the Paris Agreement requires technologies that utilize a wide range of minerals in vast quantities. Metal recycling and technological change will contribute to sustaining supply, but mining must continue and grow for the foreseeable future to ensure that such minerals remain available to industry. New links are needed between existing institutional frameworks to oversee responsible sourcing of minerals, trajectories for mineral exploration, environmental practices, and consumer awareness of the effects of consumption. Here we present, through analysis of a comprehensive set of data and demand forecasts, an interdisciplinary perspective on how best to ensure ecologically viable continuity of global mineral supply over the coming decades. A review of mineral exploration data and demand forecasts suggests that new international governance links are needed to ensure efficient and responsible future sourcing of minerals for sustainable development. Providing an environmentally viable mineral supply Ensuring sustainable development for a growing global population and meeting climate targets will require the use of large quantities of minerals. Saleem Ali et al. present a multidisciplinary view of how best to ensure the ecologically acceptable supply of minerals over the coming decades. They conclude that new links are needed between existing institutional frameworks to oversee the responsible sourcing of minerals, trajectories for mineral exploration, environmental practices, and consumer awareness of consumption impacts.

The approach to further development in engineering geologic mapping of mineral reserves with respect to quality levels based on geoinformation models of deposits is substantiated. The algorithm and methods for delineation of clusters in the area of a seam using a vector index composed of simple indicators characterizing useful and harmful properties of coal are explicated. The results of new software trial are presented in the form of distribution of coal reserves for coking and power generation by quality levels and visualization of delineated clusters by means of plotting quality maps.

The authors discuss the mineral resources and mineral reserves of the Russian Far East in terms of their volume and production of certain minerals. The key challenges of subsoil use, which complicate advancement in the mining sector at the present time, are identified. The growth prospects of the mining sector can build on the processing industry and on the transition from mineral extraction to mineral production at high degree of conversion. The economic efficiency of subsoil use depends on the professional corporate management, transportation and power generation infrastructure, sound scientific grounding and on the development of the processing industry which uses products of the mining industry. The main trends of the spatial development in subsoil use are proposed. The large infrastructural projects are described, which can promote social and economic progress in the Far East Federal District of Russia. Emphasis is laid on improvement of personnel potential and on introduction of scientific supervision in the mining and processing industry in the region.

Reserves of cobalt and nickel used in electric-vehicle cells will not meet future demand. Refocus research to find new electrodes based on common elements such as iron and silicon, urge Kostiantyn Turcheniuk and colleagues. Reserves of cobalt and nickel used in electric-vehicle cells will not meet future demand. Refocus research to find new electrodes based on common elements such as iron and silicon, urge Kostiantyn Turcheniuk and colleagues.

Metal mining provides the elements required for the provision of energy, communication, transport and more. The increasing uptake of green technology, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy, will also further increase metal demand. However, the production lifespan of an average mine is far shorter than the timescales of mineral deposit formation, suggesting that metal mining is unsustainable on human timescales. In addition, some research suggests that known primary metal supplies will be exhausted within about 50 years. Here we present an analysis of global metal reserves that suggests that primary metal supplies will not run out on this timescale. Instead, we find that global reserves for most metals have not significantly decreased relative to production over time. This is the result of the replenishment of exhausted reserves by the further delineation of known orebodies as mineral exploration progresses. We suggest that environmental, social, and governance factors are likely to be the main source of risk in metal and mineral supply over the coming decades, more so than direct reserve depletion. This could potentially lead to increases in resource conflict and decreases in the conversion of resources to reserves and production.Future availability of metals is likely to be constrained primarily by environmental, social and governance factors, according to an analysis of reserve, resource and production figures which show that supply has matched demand over the last 60 years

Underground mining of minerals is accompanied by a change in the rock mass geomechanical situation. This leads to the redistribution of stresses in it and the occurrence of unexpected displacements and deformations of the earth's surface. A significant part of the civil and industrial infrastructure facilities are located within the mine sites, where mining and tunneling operations are constantly conducted. Irrational planning of mining operations can lead to loss of stability and destruction of undermined facilities. Therefore, it is important to study the earth’s surface deformation processes during mining operations, which ensures safe and sustainable operating conditions. The research objective of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of a natural gas pipeline under the influence of underground mining activities, with a particular focus on understanding the effects of horizontal surface deformations and their potential impact on pipeline safety and structural integrity. Its performance and safety are determined on the basis of the found parameters of the earth's surface horizontal deformations and their comparison with permissible parameters characterizing the conditions for laying pipelines, depending on the mining-geological conditions and the degree of their undermining. Based on determined conditions for the safe undermining of the natural gas pipeline, it has been revealed that in its section between the PK212+40 and PK213+80 (140 m) pickets, the estimated parameters of the earth's surface horizontal deformations exceed their permissible values. This can cause deformation and damage to the pipeline. For the safe operation of the pipeline during the period of its undermining, in order to eliminate the hazardous impact of mining the longwall face, additional protection measures must be applied. It is therefore recommended that the gas pipeline between the PK212 and PK214+20 pickets be opened prior to the displacement process (200 m from the stoping face), thus reducing the density of the gas pipeline-soil system. Recommendations for controlling the earth’s surface deformations within the natural gas pipeline route are also proposed, which will ensure premature detection of the negative impact of mining operations.

The development and deployment of cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions for recycling end-of-life electric vehicle batteries is becoming increasingly urgent. Based on the existing literature, as well as original data from research and ongoing pilot projects in Canada, this paper discusses the following: (i) key economic and environmental drivers for recycling electric vehicle (EV) batteries; (ii) technical and financial challenges to large-scale deployment of recycling initiatives; and (iii) the main recycling process options currently under consideration. A number of policies and strategies are suggested to overcome these challenges, such as increasing the funding for both incremental innovation and breakthroughs on recycling technology, funding for pilot projects (particularly those contributing to fostering collaboration along the entire recycling value chain), and market-pull measures to support the creation of a favorable economic and regulatory environment for large-scale EV battery recycling.

Rising demand for minerals and metals, including for use in the technology sector, has led to a resurgence of interest in exploration of mineral resources located on the seabed. Such resources, whether seafloor massive (polymetallic) sulfides around hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich crusts on the flanks of seamounts or fields of manganese (polymetallic) nodules on the abyssal plains, cannot be considered in isolation of the distinctive, in some cases unique, assemblages of marine species associated with the same habitats and structures. In addition to mineral deposits, there is interest in extracting methane from gas hydrates on continental slopes and rises. Many of the regions identified for future seabed mining are already recognised as vulnerable marine ecosystems. Since its inception in 1982, the International Seabed Authority (ISA), charged with regulating human activities on the deep-sea floor beyond the continental shelf, has issued 27 contracts for mineral exploration, encompassing a combined area of more than 1.4 million km2, and continues to develop rules for commercial mining. At the same time, some seabed mining operations are already taking place within continental shelf areas of nation states, generally at relatively shallow depths, and with others at advanced stages of planning. The first commercial enterprise, expected to target mineral-rich sulfides in deeper waters, at depths between 1,500 and 2,000 metres on the continental shelf of Papua New Guinea, is scheduled to begin early in 2019. In this review, we explore three broad aspects relating to the exploration and exploitation of seabed mineral resources: (1) the current state of development of such activities in areas both within and beyond national jurisdictions, (2) possible environmental impacts both close to and more distant from mining activities and (3) the uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge and understanding which render baseline and impact assessments particularly difficult for the deep sea. We also consider whether there are alternative approaches to the management of existing mineral reserves and resources, which may reduce incentives for seabed mining.

Mining and geometrical prediction of iron ore deposit quality indices to solve problems of long-term and current planning intended to provide the most efficient performance of mining enterprises in terms of ore blending quality and increase rationalization of deposit development is an important aspect of geometrization. Investigations carried out to develop a mining-geometrical method for predicting indices of iron ore deposit quality are topical nowadays. The present study aims to enhance the methodology for geometrization of iron ore deposit quality indices for developing a mining-geometrical method of their prediction to provide rational mining. The research methodology consists in mining and geometrical modeling of quality indices and properties of the deposit, thus enabling determination of a certain relationship between components of a mineral, and, thereby, identification of the nature of these components’ location in the mineral. The latter is essential in design, construction and operation of a mineral deposit. The obtained results allow predicting quality indices of the deposit, assessing mineral reserves and consequently planning and optimizing performance of mining enterprises. The developed methods enable increased efficiency of mining iron ore deposits of Kryvbas.