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"Missing children in literature."
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White vanishing : rethinking Australia's lost-in-the-bush myth
\"The story of the vulnerable white person vanishing without trace into the harsh Australian landscape is a potent and compelling element in multiple genres of mainstream Australian culture. It has been sung in \"Little Boy Lost,\" brought to life on the big screen in Picnic at Hanging Rock, immortalized in Henry Lawson's poems of lost tramps, and preserved in the history books' tales of Leichhardt or Burke and Wills wandering in mad circles.\"--publisher website.
Book
Little Miss Muffet's big scare
Little Miss Muffet has disappeared, and the familiar characters of her town may have been responsible for frightening the cruel child away.
Book
White vanishing: Rethinking Australia's lost-in-the-bush myth Book Review
Tilley's research leads her to identify four main semiotic features for the trope (which are termed \"commodities\" in the work): white vanishing texts invariably displace Indigenous peoples; although such texts seem to deal with white absence, they in fact assert white presence and authority (what Tilley terms \"white presencing\"); their treatment of time further reinforces white presence through the use of discourses of progress and the binary opposition of settler and Indigenous time frames; finally, the spatial politics of white vanishing narratives involve a \"naturalized colonization of Indigenous space\" (53). The concept of naturalization is at the centre of Tilley's argumentation, since she contends that the white vanishing trope as a whole represents a naturalization of Indigenous (physical and psychological) displacement, of settler colonial presence, and of Anglo-Celtic values on \"life, love, family, nurturing, prosperity\" (247). Despite the limits of the analysis which were pointed at above, and although one could deplore the high price of the book, which will probably limit its distribution to university libraries, it will provide academics and students working on non-Indigenous Australian literature and Australian settler colonialism with a clear demonstration of the insidious nature of settler colonial logics.
Book Review
The profile of pragmatic language impairments in children with ADHD: A systematic review
This systematic review synthesizes the empirical literature examining pragmatic language in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a taxonomy of pragmatic language, we compared the pragmatic language profiles of children with ADHD to those of typically developing (TD) children and children with autism. Three databases were searched up to October 2019: PsychInfo; PubMed; and CSA Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts. We included 34 studies reporting on 2,845 children (ADHD = 1,407; TD = 1,058; autism = 380). Quality and risk of bias assessments included sample size and representativeness; measure reliability and validity; and missing data management. Children with ADHD were found to have higher rates of pragmatic difficulties than their TD peers. Specific difficulties were identified with inappropriate initiation, presupposition, social discourse, and narrative coherence. Children with ADHD appear to differ from those with autism in the degree of their pragmatic language impairments. General language skills contribute to, but do not explain, pragmatic difficulties in samples of children with ADHD. Though the extant evidence is limited, a preliminary profile of the pragmatic language impairments in children with ADHD is indicated. This supports a call for evidence-based interventions that include pragmatic language skills training.
Journal Article
A machine learning-based risk score for prediction of mechanical ventilation in children with dengue shock syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
Patients with severe dengue who develop severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) support have significantly increased mortality rates. This study aimed to develop a robust machine learning-based risk score to predict the need for MV in children with dengue shock syndrome (DSS) who developed acute respiratory failure.
This single-institution retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Vietnam between 2013 and 2022. The primary outcome was severe respiratory failure requiring MV in the children with DSS. Key covariables were predetermined by the LASSO method, literature review, and clinical expertise, including age (< 5 years), female patients, early onset day of DSS (≤ day 4), large cumulative fluid infusion, higher colloid-to-crystalloid fluid infusion ratio, severe bleeding, severe transaminitis, low platelet counts (< 20 x 109/L), elevated hematocrit, and high vasoactive-inotropic score. These covariables were analyzed using supervised models, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis was used to assess feature contribution.
A total of 1,278 patients were included, with a median patient age of 8.1 years (IQR: 5.4-10.7). Among them, 170 patients (13.3%) with DSS required mechanical ventilation. A significantly higher fatality rate was observed in the MV group than that in the non-MV group (22.4% vs. 0.1%). The RF and SVM models showed the highest model discrimination. The SHAP model explained the significant predictors. Internal validation of the predictive model showed high consistency between the predicted and observed data, with a good slope calibration in training (test) sets 1.0 (0.934), and a low Brier score of 0.04. Complete-case analysis was used to construct the risk score.
We developed a robust machine learning-based risk score to estimate the need for MV in hospitalized children with DSS.
Journal Article
Association between Caregiver-perceived Health Care Provider Cultural Sensitivity and Child Health Status in the National Survey of Children's Health: 2016–2020
Objectives. To examine the association between caregiver-perceived cultural sensitivity of health care providers and child health status in the United States. Methods. We analyzed National Survey of Children's Health data (n = 145,226) from 2016–2020. Using logistic regression, we determined odds of reporting a better health status by level of caregiver-perceived provider cultural sensitivity while controlling for potential confounders. Results. Children with providers perceived as more culturally sensitive by their caregivers had 2.38 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.73, 3.28) of enjoying a better caregiver-assessed health status compared with children whose providers were perceived as less culturally sensitive. Caregivers of BIPOC children in our sample were 1.99 times more likely (95% CI: 1.89, 2.10) to report their provider as only sometimes or never culturally sensitive. Conclusions. Cultural sensitivity of health care providers, as perceived by caregivers, was associated with caregiver-assessed child health status in our study. This association remained significant when controlling for various sociodemographic variables. Our findings highlight the need for more research around the potential positive impact that improving provider cultural sensitivity could have on the health of children who are Black, Indigenous, or other People of Color (BIPOC).
Journal Article
Short birth interval prevalence, determinants and effects on maternal and child health outcomes in Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
BackgroundShort birth interval (SBI) has been linked to an increased risk of adverse maternal, perinatal, infant and child health outcomes. However, the prevalence and maternal and child health impacts of SBI in the Asia-Pacific region have not been well understood. This study aims to identify and summarise the existing evidence on SBI including its definition, measurement prevalence, determinants and association with adverse maternal and child health outcomes in the Asia-Pacific region.MethodsFive databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Maternity and Infant Care, and Web of Science (WoS)) will be systematically searched from September 2000 up to May 2023. Data will be extracted, charted, synthesised and summarised based on the outcomes measured, and where appropriate, meta-analysis will be performed. The risk of bias will be assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal. Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework will be used to evaluate the quality of cumulative evidence from the included studies.Ethics and disseminationThis review does not require ethics approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, policy briefs and conference presentations.PROSPERO registration numberA protocol will be registered on PROSPERO for each separate outcome before performing the review.Cite Now
Journal Article
Missing children appeal designs: Is recall accuracy influenced by the design of the appeal?
When a child goes missing it is common practice to release an appeal of the child in the hope that a member of the public could help to identify and locate them. Despite being an everyday occurrence, there remains a significant gap in our understanding of how effective these appeals are. The present study sought to explore the effectiveness of missing children appeals through the recall accuracy of the general public immediately after observing the appeals and again after a three-day delay. One hundred and eighty-two participants observed either a mock Child Rescue Alert or a mock Twitter appeal. The results found no significant difference in recall accuracy between the design of the appeals although there was a significant difference in recall error. Confidence in own recall accuracy and the length of time spent observing the appeals were also found to be significantly associated with recall accuracy. Initial recall accuracy scores were significantly higher than recall accuracy scores following a three-day break. This exploratory study demonstrates the requirement to improve missing children appeals and lays the foundation for future studies to build on these findings further.
Journal Article
Comparison of serum lactate and lactate-derived ratios as prognostic biomarkers in pediatric dengue shock syndrome using supervised machine learning models
Dengue shock syndrome (DSS), with critical complications encompassing mechanical ventilation (MV), dengue-associated acute liver failure (PALF), and encephalitis, is associated with high mortality in children. Although serum lactate is a recognized prognostic biomarker, it may not fully reflect the complex metabolic disturbances in DSS. Recent evidence suggests that lactate-derived indices, including lactate-to-albumin ratio (LAR) and lactate-to-bicarbonate ratio (LB), may enhance prognostic accuracy. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the predictive performance of the LAR, LB ratio, and serum lactate levels in pediatric DSS using machine learning approaches.
We conducted a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study involving children with DSS at a tertiary pediatric center in Vietnam (2013-2022). The primary composite endpoint included in-hospital mortality, MV, dengue-associated PALF and encephalitis. Predictors were selected based on clinical expertise, literature review, Akaike Information Criterion and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. Multiple supervised machine-learning algorithms - logistic regression, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor, naïve Bayes, AdaBoost, and XGBoost - were applied. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and feature importance was assessed using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP).
Of the 524 eligible patients (median age: 8.7 years), 17% met the composite endpoint. At admission, LAR demonstrated superior discriminatory ability (AUC: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.76-0.87) compared to serum lactate (AUC: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.65-0.78) and LB ratio (AUC: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.62-0.74) (all p < 0.001). The Youden-index based optimal LAR cutoff was 1.25, whereas that for the LB ratio was 0.20. The RF, XGBoost and SVM models achieved the highest performance. SHAP analysis revealed that LAR was the most influential predictor among the lactate-based variables.
LAR exceeded serum lactate and the LB ratio in predicting critical outcomes in pediatric DSS. These findings support its utility as a practical and accessible tool for early risk stratification in DSS patients. These results support the use of LAR as a practical and accessible tool for risk stratification in pediatric dengue care.
Journal Article