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Logical Reasoning for Forecasting in Mesopotamia
In this paper, I show that a kind of perfect logical competence is observed in the Babylonian tablets used for forecasting. In these documents, we see an intuition of some algebraic structures that are used for inferring prognoses as logical conclusions. The paper is based mainly on the omen series reconstructed by N. De Zorzi. It is shown that in composing these divination lists there was implicitly used the Boolean algebra.
Journal Article
What is inference?
Boghossian offers his thoughts on what constitutes inference in philosophy. He believes that no Dispositional account of rule-following can hope to succeed. However, even without arguing against a dispositional account of rule-following in general, I think we are in a position to see why no such idea can help us
Journal Article
Un sistema lógico de segundo orden conceptualista con operadores lambda ramificados
We develop a second order logical system with ramified lambda operators, having ramified conceptualism as its philosophical background. Such a system is shown to relatively consistent. Finally, we construct a non-standard second order semantics and prove a completeness theorem with respect to a uotion oí validity, provided by the semantics, and certain extensions oí the second order system.
Journal Article
Indicative Conditionals and Graded Information
I propose an account of indicative conditionals that combines features of minimal change semantics and information semantics. As in information semantics, conditionals are interpreted relative to an information state in accordance with the Ramsey test idea: “if
p
then
q
” is supported at a state
s
iff
q
is supported at the hypothetical state
s
[
p
] obtained by restricting
s
to the
p
-worlds. However, information states are not modeled as simple sets of worlds, but by means of a Lewisian system of spheres. Worlds in the inner sphere are considered possible; worlds outside of it are ruled out, but to different degrees. In this way, even when a state supports “not
p
”, it is still possible to suppose
p
consistently. I argue that this account does better than its predecessors with respect to a set of desiderata concerning inferences with conditionals. In particular, it captures three important facts: (i) that a conditional is logically independent from its antecedent; (ii) that a sequence of antecedents behaves like a single conjunctive antecedent (the import-export equivalence); and (iii) that conditionals restrict the quantification domain of epistemic modals. I also discuss two ways to construe the role of a premise, and propose a generalized notion of entailment that keeps the two apart.
Journal Article
The Relationship between Fuzzy Reasoning Methods Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Interval-Valued Fuzzy Sets
Two important basic inference models of fuzzy reasoning are Fuzzy Modus Ponens (FMP) and Fuzzy Modus Tollens (FMT). In order to solve FMP and FMT problems, the full implication triple I algorithm, the reverse triple I algorithm and the Subsethood Inference Subsethood (SIS for short) algorithm are proposed, respectively. Furthermore, the existing reasoning algorithms are extended to intuitionistic fuzzy sets and interval-valued fuzzy sets according to different needs. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between intuitionistic fuzzy reasoning algorithms and interval-valued fuzzy reasoning algorithms. It is proven that there is a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy triple I algorithm and the interval-valued fuzzy triple I algorithm. Then, there is a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy reverse triple I algorithm and the interval-valued fuzzy reverse triple I algorithm. At the same time, it is shown that there is also a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy SIS algorithm and interval-valued fuzzy SIS algorithm.
Journal Article
Breaking Hezbollah’s ‘Golden Rule
In September 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice announced the arrest of Alexei (Ali) Saab, a naturalized American citizen from Lebanon, on charges of marriage fraud and material support to the designated terrorist group Hezbollah. Saab reportedly served as an operative of Hezbollah’s external terrorist operations wing, the Islamic Jihad Organization (also known as the External Security Organization or Unit 910). In this role, he carried out surveillance of potential target locations in several American cities to “prepare for potential future attacks against the United States.”[1] Saab’s case came on the heels of two others in the United States, including the conviction of Ali Kourani for engaging in similar preoperational surveillance for Hezbollah and an apparent plea-bargain for Samer el-Debek who was dispatched on Hezbollah missions abroad. Just a few years earlier, in 2012 and 2015, two Hezbollah operatives had been arrested in Cyprus. One was arrested for carrying out surveillance of Israeli tourists and other targets in Larnaca and Limassol, while the other was stockpiling ammonium nitrate for the production of explosives. Law enforcement officials learned much about Hezbollah’s covert operations from these cases, including details being made public for the first time in this article. Taken together, these cases - along with those involving operatives in Thailand and Peru - illustrate Hezbollah’s external operations modus operandi, senior handlers, communications techniques, travel patterns, terrorist training, and offer even limited information about the pay scale for Hezbollah operatives. Publicly disclosing such information breaks the “golden rule” of Hezbollah’s Unit 910, as expressed to Kourani by his Hezbollah handler: “The less you know about the unit, the better.”[2]
Journal Article
A fuzzy reasoning method based on compensating operation and its application to fuzzy systems
In this paper, we present a new fuzzy reasoning method based on the compensating fuzzy reasoning (CFR). Its basic idea is to obtain a new fuzzy reasoning result by moving and deforming the consequent fuzzy set on the basis of the moving, deformation, and moving-deformation operations between the antecedent fuzzy set and observation information. Experimental results on real-world data sets show that proposed method signi?ficantly improve the accuracy and time performance of fuzzy neural network learning.
Journal Article
Preliminary experience with a digital robotic exoscope in cranial and spinal surgery: a review of the Synaptive Modus V system
BackgroundThe microscope is the standard tool for microneurosurgery worldwide. However, the reduced illumination of the surgical field with the use of a conventional microscope during surgeries of deeply located pathologies remains unaddressed. Accordingly, different exoscope systems have recently been introduced in clinical practice. Here, we report our initial experience with the digital 2-dimensional Synaptive Modus V exoscope system in spinal and cranial surgery.MethodsDuring a 2-week period between 27 September to 11 October 2018, we used the Synaptive Modus V exoscope system and performed eight neurosurgical procedures including spine (n = 4) and cranial procedures (n = 4). Visual quality, depth perception, complications, switching to microscope comfort level of the surgeon, and learning curve during surgery were evaluated.ResultsA total of eight procedures were performed, namely, vestibular schwannoma (n = 1), skull base meningioma (n = 1), olfactory groove meningioma (n = 1), tentorial meningioma (n = 1), anterior cervical discectomy (n = 1), cervical laminectomy (n = 1), and lumbar disc herniation (n = 2). The overall results were comparable to the operative microscope with better visual quality and greater comfort for the surgeon.ConclusionThe Synaptive Modus V system is a safe tool to perform common spinal surgeries and intracranial tumor resection. Image quality is better than a microscope but with slightly less depth perception. Vigorous training in the laboratory may be helpful before clinical use.
Journal Article
Reflexive Understanding of the Concept of a Spouse – Comments on the Impact of the Decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Coman and Others on the Rulings of Administrative Courts
This article relates to the CJEU’s understanding of the concept of the spouse in Case C-673/16 and its effect on the process of law application by Polish administrative courts. The authors considerations are based on the assumption that the CJEU’s interpretation of EU law in
is of a dynamic-deliberative nature, based on functional rules, and that at the same it time takes into account a specific legal and socio-cultural context in which one of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by EU law is implemented. This judgment, as authors underline, confirms that a proper understanding of the current legal context of the concept of a spouse requires that the social and cultural context and the plurality of values arising from different lifestyles be taken into account in the application and interpretation of the law, all with a view to empowering the individual in his or her relationship with the State and raising the level of protection of human rights. Authors observe in the practice od Polish administrative courts that this CJEU’s judgment is important in the argumentative layer, but not decisive for the resolution of the case in specific situations where there is a need to address the effect of same-sex marriage in a case related to the implementation of the EU right to free movement. In this context authors consider whether the justification for rulings of administrative courts may be sought in John Gray’s concept of
liberalism.
Journal Article