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Purpose Inflammatory markers such as neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) are linked with the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). However, the clinical significance of the combination of these markers is unclear. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the individual and combined diagnostic accuracy of NLR, PLR and MLR among patients with GC. Methods In this prospective, cross-sectional study, patients were recruited into three groups, GC, precancerous lesions and age and gender-matched controls. The primary outcome was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory markers in the diagnosis of GC. The secondary outcome was to determine the correlation of inflammatory markers with the stage of gastric cancer, nodal involvement and metastasis. Results A total of 228 patients, 76 in each group, were enrolled. The cut-off value of NLR, PLR and MLR were 2.23, 146.8 and 0.26, respectively, for the diagnosis of GC. The diagnostic abilities of NLR, PLR and MLR were significantly high at 79, 75 and 68.4, respectively, to predict GC compared to precancerous and control groups. All the models of inflammatory markers showed excellent discrimination between GC and the controls with an AUC > 0.7. The models also showed acceptable discrimination between GC and the precancerous lesion group with AUC between 0.65 and 0.70. No significant difference was found in correlating inflammatory markers with clinicopathological features. Conclusion The discrimination capacity of the inflammatory markers could be used as screening biomarkers in diagnosing GC, even in its early stages.

Background To determine the diagnostic value of hematologic markers for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and explore their relationship with disease severity. Methods Subjects included 190 COVID‐19 patients, 190 healthy subjects, and 105 influenza pneumonia (IP) patients. COVID‐19 patients were divided into the ARDS and non‐ARDS groups. Routine blood examination, biochemistry indicator, days in hospital, body temperature, pneumonia severity index (PSI), CURB‐65, and MuLBSTA were recorded. Correlations between variables were assessed using Spearman's correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to study the accuracy of the various diagnostic tests. Results Compared with healthy subjects, COVID‐19 patients had lower white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin levels; higher percentages of neutrophils and monocytes; lower percentages of lymphocytes and higher neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values (P < .05). COVID‐19 patients had higher WBC and neutrophil levels and lower percentages of lymphocytes compared to IP (P < .05). ROC curve analysis revealed that MLR had a high diagnostic value in differentiating COVID‐19 patients from healthy subjects, but not from IP patients. NLR showed significant positive correlations with PSI, CURB‐65, and MuLBSTA. Lymphocyte count was lower in the ARDS group and yielded a higher diagnostic value than the other variables. Conclusions Monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio showed an acceptable efficiency to separate COVID‐19 patients from healthy subjects, but failed to rule out IP patients. NLR may be a reliable marker to evaluate the disease severity of COVID‐19. Lymphocyte count may be useful to establish the early diagnosis of ARDS in the COVID‐19 patients. Hematologic markers, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have been proposed as indicators to assist in the diagnosis, early warning, and risk stratification of infectious diseases. We thus performed this study to determine the diagnostic value of hematological markers for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and explore their relationship with disease severity.

Background The utility of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) as prognostic indicators has not been investigated in canine parvovirosis (CPV). Hypothesis To evaluate whether these hematological ratios obtained at hospital admission in CPV are associated with outcome or duration of hospitalization. Animals. Four hundred one client‐owned dogs presented with CPV. Methods‐Retrospective multicenter cohort study. Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs with CPV. Data regarding signalment, complete blood count at admission, duration of hospitalization and outcome were collected. Results Of the 401 dogs included in the study, 336 (83.8%) survived to discharge. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) PLR in nonsurvivors (336.56 [159.84‐635.77]) was significantly higher than in survivors (217.65 [117.67‐389.65]) (P = .003). The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve for nonsurvival was 0.615 (95% CI [0.593‐0.691], P = .003). A cut off of 700 showed a 21.5% sensitivity and 90% specificity for nonsurvival. No association was observed between hospitalization duration and either hematological ratios or total WBC counts. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) lymphocyte count was below reference interval in all dogs and was significantly lower in the dogs which died (0.82 × 109/L [0.5‐1.87]) than in survivors (1.27 × 109/L [0.73‐2.22]) (P = .005). The median (25th and 75th percentiles) monocyte count however was lower in survivors (0.38 × 109/L [0.29‐1.59]), than in nonsurvivors (0.73 × 109/L [0.1‐2]) (P = .002). Conclusions Evaluation of PLR at hospital admission might be a useful marker of disease severity and could have prognostic value in dogs with CPV.

Introduction: As a severe and specific neurovascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of vision loss and preventable blindness in adults aged 20 to 74. The pathogenesis of DR is not completely understood, however, studies indicate that chronic inflammation plays a significant role. Emerging evidence suggests that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) are novel potential inflammatory response markers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the NLR, PLR, MLR, and DR. Patients and Methods: 290 patients who had been diagnosed with T2DM participated in the study. Patients were categorized into three groups: 142 control subjects with T2DM, 124 subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 24 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Characteristics, laboratory data, as well as NLR, PLR and MLR levels of the study groups were compared. Results: In patients with DR, the median NLR, PLR, and MLR were significantly higher than in patients without DR (p = 0.012, p < 0.001, and p = 0.043, respectively). In the post hoc analysis, there was no correlation between the severity of retinopathy and the increase in NLR or PLR. Multiple logistic regression revealed that the PLR was an independent risk factor for DR (odds ratio [OR]: 1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.010-1.029 p = 0.026). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the cutoff value of PLR as an indicator for diagnosing DR was estimated to be 129.65, with a sensitivity and specificity of 53.4% and 76.1%, respectively, and an area under the curve of 0.668 (95% CI: 0.605-0.730, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PLR may be an independent risk factor for evaluating DR in type 2 diabetes patients. Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, inflammation

Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major cause of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP), posing diagnostic challenges. This study evaluates novel inflammatory biomarkers, including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) and system inflammation response index (SIRI) for MP diagnosis in children. Methods Complete blood count (CBC) results of 424 children with MP infection and 150 health children were collected. NLR, MLR, PLR, SII and SIRI, were respectively calculated. Shapiro–Wilk test, Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test and Pearson chi‐squared test were used to analyze the clinical data of the patients and participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted based on the results of single factor analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the potential of the above biomarkers for MP infection. Results Compared with the control group, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil (NEU) count, monocyte (MON) count, NLR, MLR, PLR, SII and SIRI were significantly higher and lymphocyte count (LYM) and platelet (PLT) were significantly lower than those in MP group. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that MLR and SIRI can serve as major risk factors for MP infection in children. The predictive accuracy of logistic regression model based on MLR and SIRI is 83.28%. The area under the curve (AUC) results showed that SIRI has better predicting value of MP infection (AUC = 0.892, Sensitivity = 75.7%, Specificity = 92.0%). Conclusion This study described the significance of novel inflammatory biomarkers in children with MP infection and may provide new auxiliary diagnostic indicators for MP infection. This study investigates the predictive value of novel inflammatory biomarkers in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The research indicated that novel inflammatory biomarkers based on the parameters of complete blood count (CBC), including systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII), system inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), could serve as effective auxiliary diagnostic indicators for MP infection, with a shorter detection period and lower testing cost.

Background The development and progression of hepatitis B virus‐related decompensated cirrhosis (DeCi) is associated with inflammatory responses. The monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW) are well‐known inflammation markers. We aimed to assess the utility of these parameters for predicating the prognosis of patients with HBV‐DeCi. Methods We retrospectively recruited 174 patients diagnosed with HBV‐DeCi. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to determine risk factors for mortality. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to estimate and compare the predictive values of the three parameters. Hepatic function was evaluated using the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Results The NLR, RDW, and MLR were found to be significantly higher in patients who did not survive compared with surviving patients. Moreover, these variables were all able to predict early poor outcomes in patients with HBV‐DeCi, with NLR exhibiting the highest accuracy. Furthermore, a combination of the NLR and MELD score was a more accurate prognostic marker for predicting mortality than either marker alone in such patients. Conclusions Hematological parameters can provide prognostic information for patients with HBV‐DeCi. Routine assessment of these parameters at admission may provide valuable data to complement other conventional measures for assessing disease condition in patients with HBV‐DeCi. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis by neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, red cell distribution width, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score, and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio combined with Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score for predicting mortality in patients with hepatitis B virus‐related decompensated cirrhosis.

Objective With an increasing number of unmet medical needs for autoimmune diseases (AD) in the United States, it is important to assess the value of laboratory assays in diagnosis. Healthcare providers must understand general and specific laboratory results that can lead to an efficient diagnosis. Methods A nonexperimental study using a retrospective design and data collected between 2018 and 2021 was completed to explore whether the presence of positive anti‐ENA and anti‐dsDNA antibodies in individuals with an autoimmune disorder (anti‐ENA, N = 1495; anti‐dsDNA, N = 1261) can be predicted by their demographics and selected general laboratory test results. Results For predicting anti‐ENA, multiple logistic regression analysis χ2(1) = 237.62, p < 0.001 indicated antinuclear antibody (ANA), complement C3, globulin, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were statistically associated with the probability of a positive anti‐ENA result. The regression analysis had a sensitivity of 98.6% and a specificity measure of 16.1%. Regarding anti‐dsDNA, multiple logistic regression analysis χ2(1) = 388.04, p < 0.001, indicated that complement C3, complement C4, pH, urine protein, and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were statistically associated with the probability of a positive anti‐dsDNA result. The regression analysis had a sensitivity of 77.7% and a specificity measure of 64.5%. Conclusion In diagnosing an AD, ANA, complement C3, globulin, MLR, and BUN are important factors in patients with a positive anti‐ENA. In determining Systemic Lupus Erythematosus diagnosis, complement C3, complement C4, pH, urine protein, and NLR are important factors in patients with a positive anti‐dsDNA. With an increasing number of unmet medical needs for autoimmune diseases (AD) in the United States, it is important to assess the value of laboratory assays in diagnosis. Healthcare providers must understand general and specific laboratory results that can lead to an efficient diagnosis. In diagnosing an AD, antinuclear antibody, complement C3, globulin, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and blood urea nitrogen are important factors in patients with a positive anti‐ENA. In determining Systemic Lupus Erythematosus diagnosis, complement C3, complement C4, pH, urine protein, and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio are important factors in patients with a positive anti‐dsDNA.

Objective To analyze the relationship between monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and postoperative delirium (POD). Methods This cohort study was conducted in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care‐III (MIMIC‐III) version 1.4 database. MLR was measured according to the complete blood count. ICD‐9 was used to measure postoperative delirium. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to examine the relationship between MLR and POD. Results Three thousand eight hundred sixty‐eight patients who had received cardiac surgery were retrospectively enrolled, including 2171 males and 1697 females, with a mean age of 63.9 ± 16.2 years. The univariate analysis suggested that high MLR (as a continuous variable) as associated with a 21% higher risk of POD (O R: 1.12, 95% CI, 1.02, 1.43, p = 0.0259), After adjustments for other confounding factors, gender, age, race, temperature, SBP, DBP, MAP, respiratory rate, SOFA, peripheral vascular disease, AG, psychoses, drug, and alcohol addiction, the results showed that high MLR (as a continuous variable) independently served as a risk factor for POD (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01–1.44; p = 0.0378). MLR was assessed as quintile and tertiles, high MLR was an independent risk factor for POD. In the subgroup analysis, there were no differences in MLR for patients with POD in pre‐specified subgroups. Conclusions Monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio was a risk factor for POD. More research is necessary to thoroughly examine the function of MLR in POD. Delirium, which is defined as an acute confessional condition whose characteristics include impaired mental state, is correlated with significant economic costs, high incidence of falls and fall‐related accidents, self‐removal of medical equipment, long‐term hospitalizations, and even increased fatality rates. Our study observed that patients suffering from POD showed significantly higher MLR patients without POD. Another important finding is that elevated MLR level independently served as a risk factor to predict POD.

Background This study investigated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers (lymphocyte ratio [NLR], monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio [MLR], and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio [PLR]) and the treatment outcomes of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with afatinib. Methods The patients with NSCLC treated with afatinib between June 2014 and February 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Their inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes (progression‐free survival [PFS] and tumor response) were explored using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Among 325 patients, those with an NLR >2.18, MLR >0.19, and PLR >177.73 had significantly worse PFS than those with lower values. After adjusting for performance status, stage, and liver metastasis, the PFS was still unfavorable for a baseline NLR >2.18, MLR >0.19, or PLR > 177.73. Among 188 patients with paired inflammatory values, those whose NLR decreased by >29.5%, MLR decreased by >57.9%, and PLR increased by <18.8% had significantly better PFS. After adjusting for performance status, stage, and liver metastasis, the PFS was significantly unfavorable for an NLR decrease of <29.5% and MLR decrease of <57.9%. Among the patients with tumor response, NLR, MLR, and PLR significantly decreased after treatment (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Our study presented the NLR, MLR, and PLR as prognostic factors for patients with NSCLC treated with afatinib. Further investigation into these markers representing the tumor microenvironment and their association with cancer status is crucial for evaluating prognosis and clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC. EGFRm NSCLC patients (n = 325). EGFRm NSCLC patients (n = 188). Afatinib for 1–3 months. Unfavorable prognostic factors for PFS. Baseline inflammatory values. NLR >2.18, MLR >0.19. PLR >177.73. Changes of inflammatory values. NLR decrease of <29.5%. MLR decrease of <57.9%.

Background Solid tumors are one of the leading causes of cancer‐related deaths. Measurable combined inflammatory markers in the blood, which indicate the inflammatory response, play a crucial role in managing patients with malignancies. These markers have been validated as less invasive, practical, and cost‐effective tools in the clinical decision‐making process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of inflammatory markers based on complete blood count (CBC), including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) in major solid tumors, including breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers, due to their high prevalence and strong evidence base. Recent Findings In this study, studies from 2015 to June 2025 were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus using keywords such as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, prognosis value, predictive value, diagnosis value, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Findings indicate that elevated NLR and PLR, alongside reduced LMR, are commonly associated with advanced disease, poorer survival, and diminished response to treatment, though the strength of evidence varies by cancer type. Limitations across studies include retrospective design, inconsistent cut‐off values, and confounding factors such as comorbidities and treatment regimens. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that NLR, PLR, and LMR have significant potential as accessible biomarkers for risk stratification and treatment monitoring in common solid tumors. However, lack of standardization in methodology and cut‐off definitions limits their widespread clinical implementation. High‐quality prospective studies are needed to establish unified thresholds and clarify their role alongside established biomarkers.