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Herein, we contextualize, problematize, and offer some insights for moving beyond the problem of monolingual comparative normativity in (psycho) linguistic research on bilingualism. We argue that, in the vast majority of cases, juxtaposing (functional) monolinguals to bilinguals fails to offer what the comparison is supposedly intended to do: meet the standards of empirical control in line with the scientific method. Instead, the default nature of monolingual comparative normativity has historically contributed to inequalities in many facets of bilingualism research and continues to impede progress on multiple levels. Beyond framing our views on the matter, we offer some epistemological considerations and methodological alternatives to this standard practice that improve empirical rigor while fostering increased diversity, inclusivity, and equity in our field.

Bilingual children are a more heterogenous group than their monolingual counterparts with respect to the sources of variation in their language learning environments, as well as the wide individual variation in their language abilities. Such heterogeneity in both individual difference factors and language abilities argues for the importance of an individual differences approach in research on bilingual development. The main objective of this article is to provide a review and synthesis of research on the sources of individual differences in the second language (L2) and heritage language (HL) development of child bilinguals. Several child-internal and child-external individual difference factors are discussed with respect to their influence on children’s dual language abilities. In addition, the emergent research on individual differences in bilingual children with developmental language disorder is reviewed. Both the theoretical and applied relevance of individual difference approaches to bilingual development are discussed.

Whether acquiring a second language affords any general advantages to executive function has been a matter of fierce scientific debate for decades. If being bilingual does have benefits over and above the broader social, employment, and lifestyle gains that are available to speakers of a second language, then it should manifest as a cognitive advantage in the general population of bilinguals. We assessed 11,041 participants on a broad battery of 12 executive tasks whose functional and neural properties have been well described. Bilinguals showed an advantage over monolinguals on only one test (whereas monolinguals performed better on four tests), and these effects all disappeared when the groups were matched to remove potentially confounding factors. In any case, the size of the positive bilingual effect in the unmatched groups was so small that it would likely have a negligible impact on the cognitive performance of any individual.

The computational BIA+ model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002) has provided a useful account for bilingual word recognition, while the verbal (pre-quantitative) RHM (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) has often served as a reference framework for bilingual word production and translation. According to Brysbaert and Duyck (2010), a strong need is felt for a unified implemented account of bilingual word comprehension, lexical-semantic processing, and word production. With this goal in mind, we built a localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, which integrates basic assumptions of both BIA+ and RHM. It simulates the recognition and production of cognates (form-similar translation equivalents) and non-cognates of different lengths and frequencies in tasks like monolingual and bilingual lexical decision, word naming, and word translation production. It also considers effects of lexical similarity, cognate status, relative L2-proficiency, and translation direction. Model-to-model comparisons show that Multilink provides higher correlations with empirical data than both IA and BIA+ models.

In recent years, one of the most significant trends in higher education in non-anglophone countries has been the growth in English Medium Instruction (EMI). However, provision is rapidly outpacing empirical research. This study examined how macro-level education policy with regard to EMI is both implemented and conceptualised at the institutional and classroom level in Chinese and Japanese universities. Utilising questionnaires with home students (n = 579) and staff (n = 28), interviews with home students (n = 29) and staff (n = 28) and four focus groups with staff and four with home students, in addition to questionnaires (n = 123), interviews (n = 10) and three focus groups with international students, the study provides insights into how EMI policy is operationalised, including types of programmes and language use, and how it is conceptualised by different stakeholders. The results highlight contextual constraints to policy implementation, calling for the need for more research into this growing trend and curriculum evaluation to inform context-sensitive ways to implement EMI policy. It also calls for a critical examination of monolingual EMI policies and academic norms amidst growing multilingualism in the EMI classroom as well as clear goals and objectives due to varying conceptualisations of the purposes of EMI amongst staff and students.

Speaking more than one language demands a language control system that allows bilinguals to correctly use the intended language adjusting for possible interference from the non-target language. Understanding how the brain orchestrates the control of language has been a major focus of neuroimaging research on bilingualism and was central to our original neurocognitive language control model (Abutalebi & Green, 2007). We updated the network of language control (Green & Abutalebi, 2013) and here review the many new exciting findings based on functional and structural data that substantiate its core components. We discuss the language control network within the framework of the adaptive control hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013) that predicts adaptive changes specific to the control demands of the interactional contexts of language use. Adapting to such demands leads, we propose, to a neural reserve in the human brain.

This chapter reviews critical areas of research on issues of equity/equality in the highly prochimed and exponentially growing model of bilingual education: two-way immersion (TWI). There is increasing evidence that TWIprograms are not living up to their ideal to provide equal access to educational opportunity for transnational emergent bilingual students. Through a synthesis of research from related fields, we will offer guidelines for program design that attend to equality and a framework for future research to push the field of bilingual education toward creating more equitable and integrated multilingual learning spaces. Specifically, this review leads to a proposal for adding a fourth goal for TWI programs: to develop \"critical consciousness\" through using critical pedagogies and humanizing research.

In “The Devil's Dictionary”, Bierce (1911) defined language as “The music with which we charm the serpents guarding another's treasure.” This satirical definition reflects a core truth – humans communicate using language to accomplish social goals. In this Keynote, we urge cognitive scientists and neuroscientists to more fully embrace sociolinguistic and sociocultural experiences as part of their theoretical and empirical purview. To this end, we review theoretical antecedents of such approaches, and offer a new framework – the Systems Framework of Bilingualism – that we hope will be useful in this regard. We conclude with new questions to nudge our discipline towards a more nuanced, inclusive, and socially-informed scientific understanding of multilingual experience. We hope to engage a wide array of researchers united under the broad umbrella of multilingualism (e.g., researchers in neurocognition, sociolinguistics, and applied scientists).

Background. War as a specific social context has a powerful influence on the linguistic consciousness and linguistic behavior of Ukrainians, affecting their cognitive activity and the resources of nominative means of the Ukrainian language. Over the period of nearly three decades since Ukrainian independence, considerable attention was paid in discussions on language policy to finding compromise solutions for granting Russian some official status. After February 24, 2022, the issue of giving the Russian language any status disappeared from the public agenda. The war has not only strengthened Ukrainian as a marker of the country’s national identity, but it also deeply influenced Ukrainians’ perceptions of the “us vs. them” opposition, and many Ukrainians who had previously communicated mainly in Russian switched to Ukrainian in an attempt to emphasize their Ukrainian national identity.Contribution to the research field. The Ukrainian language, as a symbolic marker of the nation, is associated not only with the national ethnographic heritage, but also with a certain type of political culture that distinguishes Ukraine from Russia. This finding has important implications for predicting the effects of the current language policy and for developing a language ideology that reflects not only perceptions of the current state of the language but also what it should be or what it should become in the future.Purpose. The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to explore how beliefs about language mediate the relationship between language use and social organization in the circumstances of Russian military aggression against Ukraine, and (2) to provide an assessment of the current state and future prospects of language planning in Ukraine, particularly regarding ideological interaction among the major agents of language policy.Methods. The article applies the participant-observation method, the critical discourse analysis method, the content analysis method, and language policy documentation analysis.Results. In postcolonial societies, language ideologies are constantly constructed and re-constructed in discursive interactions at the micro and macro levels. The role of language ideology as a regulator of language behavior is particularly significant at the grassroots level, where the influence of official norms and regulations does not reach or is very weak. This allows language ideologies to perform social work.Discussion. Ideological consensus and practical cooperation among the state authorities, the mass media, the academic community, and the representatives of civil society have greatly contributed to the replacement of the assimilationist ideology of Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism with the “one nation, one language” ideology. The Ukrainian language is increasingly becoming a supraethnic as a means of communication not only for the Ukrainian ethnic group but also for a wide range of citizens of different nationalities.

The main interest of the article is to give a critical overview of the attitude of some of the most important general monolingual dictionaries of contemporary French regarding the pluricentric reality of the French language of the 20th-21th centuries. The analysis will focus exclusively on the introductory and/or final parts of six dictionaries. These paratexts which normally appear under tides like Introduction, Preface, Postface are the sections which reveal the dictionary's conception and methodology, its ideological orientation, and also the theoretical reflections of the author or editorial staff.