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Simple assembly rules applied recursively in a multistage assembly process enable the creation of DNA origami arrays with sizes of up to 0.5 square micrometres and with arbitrary patterns. Microscopic DNA origami DNA nanostructures are made of precisely arranged DNA strands and, if used as addressable pixels, can be used to create random patterns with nanometre precision. However, these two-dimensional DNA arrays are usually too small for many applications and for integration with more conventional patterning methods. Lulu Qian and colleagues now use a small set of unique DNA strands and apply simple assembly rules recursively throughout a multistage assembly process. They use this so-called 'fractal' assembly method to create two-dimensional arrays of up to 0.5 square micrometres in size and carrying up to 8,704 pixels patterned to render images, such as the Mona Lisa. Together with a software tool for converting desired patterns into the DNA sequences and experimental protocols needed to create them, this assembly technique could help to create larger and more useful DNA materials and devices. Three related papers is this issue report further advances in DNA origami, and all four are summarized in a News & Views. Self-assembled DNA nanostructures 1 enable nanometre-precise patterning that can be used to create programmable molecular machines 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and arrays of functional materials 7 , 8 , 9 . DNA origami 10 is particularly versatile in this context because each DNA strand in the origami nanostructure occupies a unique position and can serve as a uniquely addressable pixel. However, the scale of such structures 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 has been limited to about 0.05 square micrometres, hindering applications that demand a larger layout 15 and integration with more conventional patterning methods. Hierarchical multistage assembly of simple sets of tiles 16 , 17 can in principle overcome this limitation, but so far has not been sufficiently robust to enable successful implementation of larger structures using DNA origami tiles. Here we show that by using simple local assembly rules 18 that are modified and applied recursively throughout a hierarchical, multistage assembly process, a small and constant set of unique DNA strands can be used to create DNA origami arrays of increasing size and with arbitrary patterns. We illustrate this method, which we term ‘fractal assembly’, by producing DNA origami arrays with sizes of up to 0.5 square micrometres and with up to 8,704 pixels, allowing us to render images such as the Mona Lisa and a rooster. We find that self-assembly of the tiles into arrays is unaffected by changes in surface patterns on the tiles, and that the yield of the fractal assembly process corresponds to about 0.95 m  − 1 for arrays containing m tiles. When used in conjunction with a software tool that we developed that converts an arbitrary pattern into DNA sequences and experimental protocols, our assembly method is readily accessible and will facilitate the construction of sophisticated materials and devices with sizes similar to that of a bacterium using DNA nanostructures.

At the moment of going to press, a publication irreversibly reaches its final form. Simultaneously, it also reaches an audience. Naturally, this audience very often is oblivious to the many, and sometimes complex, steps towards the construction and montage of (visual) meaning that precedes the actual publication of a book. The contributors to 'Before Publication' consider such construction of meaning as montage and look at materials and processes involved before publication. Their focus is on concrete artistic and visual artifacts such as scrapbooks, book mock-ups, and press layouts by artists, authors, and graphic designers. In particular, they shed light on the relationship between the spheres of privacy and publicity. The new book features a programmatic introduction by the editors Nanni Baltzer and Martino Stierli and eight concisely illustrated topical essays.

Assemblies of metal oxide nanowires in 3D stacks can enable the realization of nanodevices with tailored conductivity, porous structure and a high surface area. Current fabrication methods require complicated multistep procedures that involve the initial preparation of nanowires followed by manual assembly or transfer printing, and thus lack synthesis flexibility and controllability. Here we report a general synthetic orthogonal assembly approach to controllably construct 3D multilayer-crossed metal oxide nanowire arrays. Taking tungsten oxide semiconducting nanowires as an example, we show the spontaneous orthogonal packing of composite nanorods of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene and silicotungstic acid; the following calcination gives rise to 3D cross-stacked nanowire arrays of Si-doped metastable ε-phase WO 3 . This nanowire stack framework was also tested as a gas detector for the selective sensing of acetone. By using other polyoxometallates, this fabrication method for woodpile-like 3D nanostructures can also be generalized to different doped metal oxide nanowires, which provides a way to manipulate their physical properties for various applications. Orthogonal self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymers and polyoxometallates followed by calcination allows the formation of cross-stacked multilayer 3D arrays of tungsten oxide nanowires.

\"Join industry experts Bill Kinder and Bobbie O'Steen as they guide readers on a journey through every stage of production on an animated film, from storyboards to virtual cameras to final animation. With unprecedented access to the Pixar edit suite, this authoritative project highlights the central role film editors play in some of the most critically acclaimed and commercially successful movies of all time. The animation editor's key contributions emerge through exclusive interviews with Pixar editors, as well as directors, producers, and creative heads. Case studies of never-before-seen works in progress reveal the editor's profound responsibility to a film's audience. In addition to exploring method and craft, this book provides important context for the editor in film history, the evolution of technology, and Pixar's uniquely collaborative studio culture. A must-read for students of digital filmmaking methods, filmmakers in all aspects of production, and fans of Pixar movies. This uniquely educational, historical, and entertaining book sheds light on how beloved stories are crafted from the perspective of crucial members of the filmmaking team\"-- Provided by publisher.

One of the most gifted directors of the post New Wave, Maurice Pialat is frequently compared to such legendary filmmakers as Jean Renoir and Robert Bresson. A quintessentially realist filmmaker, who, like Bresson, was trained as a painter, his particular form of realism influenced an entire generation of young filmmakers in the 1990s. This study of Pialat's cinema in English provides an introduction to a complex and difficult director, who saw himself as a marginal and marginalised filmmaker, but whose films are deeply rooted in French society and culture. Pialat was long considered the only major filmmaker to portray ‘la France profonde’, the heart of France—the people who, as he put it, ‘take the subway’. Taken as a whole, his work can be seen both as an oblique autobiography and the portrait of a fundamental institution—the family—over several generations, from the Third Republic through the end of the nineties. The power of Pialat's realism has often overshadowed his formal originality, and this study gives equal attention to formal issues, including the crucial role of montage in the elaboration of his filmic narratives. It provides a brief biographical sketch of the filmmaker, situating his work in relation to the New Wave and the popular Saturday night cinema of his childhood, as well as giving an overview of the major themes and formal preoccupations of his work. Subsequent chapters provide readings of each of Pialat's full-length films.

Montage has been hailed as one of the key structural principles of modernity, yet its importance to the history of modern thought about cities and their architecture has never been adequately explored. In this groundbreaking new work, Martino Stierli charts the history of montage in late 19th-century urban and architectural contexts, its application by the early 20th-century avant-garde, and its eventual embrace by the postmodernist movement. With chapters focusing on photomontage, the film theories of Sergei Eisenstein, Mies van der Rohe's spatial experiments, and Rem Koolhaas's use of literary montage in his seminal manifesto Delirious New York (1978), Stierli demonstrates the centrality of montage in modern explorations of space, and in conceiving and representing the contemporary city. Beautifully illustrated, this interdisciplinary book looks at architecture, photography, film, literature, and visual culture, featuring works by artists and architects including Mies, Koolhaas, Hannah Hoech, George Grosz, El Lissitzky, and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Purpose of Review Polysomnography (PSG) represents a fundamental diagnostic tool used in the evaluation of sleep disorders. It represents a simultaneous recording of sleep staging, eye movements, electromyographic tone, respiratory parameters, and electrocardiogram. It is particularly helpful in the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing and its management, propensity for excessive sleepiness, complex behaviors during sleep, including motor disturbances of sleep, sleep-related epilepsy, and parasomnias. This review is intended to summarize the indications for PSG, the limitations and challenges of this diagnostic tool, indications for home sleep apnea testing options, and new developments and trends in polysomnography. Recent Findings The polysomnogram is fundamentally important in the evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing in the setting of cardiovascular comorbidities and neurologic conditions such as neuromuscular disease, stroke, and epilepsy and in the evaluation of dream enactment behavior in the setting of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Because RBD is predictive of neurodegenerative disorders, recent data highlights the importance of PSG in corroborating the diagnosis of RBD and identifying people who may be at risk. However, due to cost as well as limitations in access to care, further testing has been developed and implemented including the home sleep apnea test (HSAT). The evolution of consumer wearable devices has also been a growing trend in sleep medicine; however, few have received appropriate validation. Summary PSG has been used in both the clinical and research settings and remains the gold standard clinical diagnostic test for suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or central sleep apnea (CSA). Clinicians must be familiar with the basic indications for a PSG but also recognize when it is absolutely required. At this time, the PSG is essential in the evaluation of nocturnal hypoventilation disorders of sleep, periodic limb movements of sleep, and central nervous system hypersomnia (in the absence of CSF hypocretin) when combined with the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and is probably the only way to help differentiate among complex behaviors during sleep, especially in the setting of RBD. The capacity to establish an early diagnostic risk of potential dementia would be of critical importance once neuroprotective agents become available.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by abnormal neuronal activity that is diagnosed visually by analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Background: Surgical operations are the only option for epilepsy treatment when patients are refractory to treatment, which highlights the role of classifying focal and generalized epilepsy syndrome. Therefore, developing a model to be used for diagnosing focal and generalized epilepsy automatically is important. Methods: A classification model based on longitudinal bipolar montage (LB), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), feature extraction techniques, and statistical analysis in feature selection for RNN combined with long short-term memory (LSTM) is proposed in this work for identifying epilepsy. Initially, normal and epileptic LB channels were decomposed into three levels, and 15 various features were extracted. The selected features were extracted from each segment of the signals and fed into LSTM for the classification approach. Results: The proposed algorithm achieved a 96.1% accuracy, a 96.8% sensitivity, and a 97.4% specificity in distinguishing normal subjects from subjects with epilepsy. This optimal model was used to analyze the channels of subjects with focal and generalized epilepsy for diagnosing purposes, relying on statistical parameters. Conclusions: The proposed approach is promising, as it can be used to detect epilepsy with satisfactory classification performance and diagnose focal and generalized epilepsy.

In this paper, we present Emotion-Aware Music Driven Movie Montage, a novel paradigm for the challenging task of generating movie montages. Specifically, given a movie and a piece of music as the guidance, our method aims to generate a montage out of the movie that is emotionally consistent with the music. Unlike previous work such as video summarization, this task requires not only video content understanding, but also emotion analysis of both the input movie and music. To this end, we propose a two-stage framework, including a learning-based module for the prediction of emotion similarity and an optimization-based module for the selection and composition of candidate movie shots. The core of our method is to align and estimate emotional similarity between music clips and movie shots in a multi-modal latent space via contrastive learning. Subsequently, the montage generation is modeled as a joint optimization of emotion similarity and additional constraints such as scene-level story completeness and shot-level rhythm synchronization. We conduct both qualitative and quantitative evaluations to demonstrate that our method can generate emotionally consistent montages and outperforms alternative baselines.