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Silk : a history in three metamorphoses
\"In a gorgeous history that spans continents and millennia, Aarathi Prasad weaves together the complex story of the queen of fabrics. Through the scientists who have studied silk, and the biology of the animals from which it has been drawn, Prasad explores the global, natural, and cultural history (and future) of a unique material that has fascinated the world for thousands of years\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Comprehensive overview of different medicinal parts from Morus alba L.: chemical compositions and pharmacological activities
Morus alba L., a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a centuries-old medicinal history, owned various medicinal parts like Mori folium, Mori ramulus, Mori cortex and Mori fructus. Different medical parts exhibit distinct modern pharmacological effects. Mori folium exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic action and lipid-regulation effects. Mori ramulus owned anti-bacterial, anti-asthmatic and diuretic activities. Mori cortex showed counteraction action of pain, inflammatory, bacterial, and platelet aggregation. Mori fructus could decompose fat, lower blood lipids and prevent vascular sclerosis. The main chemical components in Morus alba L. covered flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and amino acids. This article comprehensively analyzed the recent literature related to chemical components and pharmacological actions of M. alba L., summarizing 198 of ingredients and described the modern activities of different extracts and the bioactive constituents in the four parts from M. alba L. These results fully demonstrated the medicinal value of M. alba L., provided valuable references for further comprehensive development, and layed the foundation for the utilization of M. alba L.
Journal Article
Koho Mori-Newton : no intention
Der japanische Kèunstler Koho Mori-Newton ist ein Meister im Umgang mit Seide, die er in einen spannenden Dialog mit Architektur setzt. Dadurch entstehen kultartige Rèaume, die faszinierend mit dem Licht spielen. Neben Seidenarbeiten zeigt der Band verschiedene grafische Werkgruppen der letzten 35 Jahre sowie den eigens fèur no intention kreierten Path of Silk.0Koho Mori-Newton (*1951) ist ein Meister der absichtlichen Absichtslosigkeit. Seine Werke scheinen einfach, doch die dahinter liegende èAsthetik ist komplex. Immer wieder erforscht er die Grundlagen der Kunst selbst, stellt das Konzept der Originalitèat des kèunstlerischen Schaffensprozesses infrage, lotet die Grenzen von Kunstwerken aus. Sein ¦uvre entfèuhrt in eine Welt jenseits des Plakativen. So bietet die labyrinthische Installation raumhoher Seidenbahnen Path of Silk, von Mori-Newton mit Tusche bearbeitet, ein fragiles Spiel von Raum und Licht, von Schwere und Leichtigkeit. Weitere Schwerpunkte seines Schaffens sind Wiederholung und Kopie, woraus seine grafischen Arbeiten einen ganz besonderen Reiz beziehen.
Book
Rigid Character Groups, Lubin-Tate Theory, and (𝜑,Γ)-Modules
The construction of the $p$-adic local Langlands correspondence for $\\mathrm{GL}_2(\\mathbf{Q}_p)$ uses in an essential way Fontaine's theory of cyclotomic $(\\varphi ,\\Gamma )$-modules. Here cyclotomic means that $\\Gamma = \\mathrm {Gal}(\\mathbf{Q}_p(\\mu_{p^\\infty})/\\mathbf{Q}_p)$ is the Galois group of the cyclotomic extension of $\\mathbf Q_p$. In order to generalize the $p$-adic local Langlands correspondence to $\\mathrm{GL}_{2}(L)$, where $L$ is a finite extension of $\\mathbf{Q}_p$, it seems necessary to have at our disposal a theory of Lubin-Tate $(\\varphi ,\\Gamma )$-modules. Such a generalization has been carried out, to some extent, by working over the $p$-adic open unit disk, endowed with the action of the endomorphisms of a Lubin-Tate group. The main idea of this article is to carry out a Lubin-Tate generalization of the theory of cyclotomic $(\\varphi ,\\Gamma )$-modules in a different fashion. Instead of the $p$-adic open unit disk, the authors work over a character variety that parameterizes the locally $L$-analytic characters on $o_L$. They study $(\\varphi ,\\Gamma )$-modules in this setting and relate some of them to what was known previously.
eBook
Glycerin-Induced Conformational Changes in Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Film Monitored by super(13) C CP/MAS NMR and super(1) H DQMAS NMR
In order to improve the stiff and brittle characteristics of pure Bombyx mori(B. mori) silk fibroin (SF) film in the dry state, glycerin (Glyc) has been used as a plasticizer. However, there have been very limited studies on the structural characterization of the Glyc-blended SF film. In this study, super(13) C Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) was used to monitor the conformational changes in the films by changing the Glyc concentration. The presence of only 5 wt % Glyc in the film induced a significant conformational change in SF where Silk I* (repeated type II beta -turn and no alpha -helix) newly appeared. Upon further increase in Glyc concentration, the percentage of Silk I* increased linearly up to 9 wt % Glyc and then tended to be almost constant (30%). This value (30%) was the same as the fraction of Ala residue within the Silk I* form out of all Ala residues of SF present in B. mori mature silkworm. The super(1) H DQMAS NMR spectra of Glyc-blended SF films confirmed the appearance of Silk I* in the Glyc-blended SF film. A structural model of Glyc-SF complex including the Silk I* form was proposed with the guidance of the Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation using super(1) H- super(1) H distance constraints obtained from the super(1) H Double-Quantum Magic Angle Spinning (DQMAS) NMR spectra.
Journal Article
The C-terminus of DSX super(F5) protein acts as a novel regulatory domain in Bombyx mori
The doublesex gene regulates the somatic sexual development of Bombyx mori by alternatively splicing into sex-specific splice forms. In our previous study, the splice form Bmdsx F7 , which encodes the BmDSX super(F5) protein, was found to be expressed in a female-specific manner and to contain a novel C-terminus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of this C-terminus. Two transgenic lines, L1 and L2, were constructed to ectopically express Bmdsx F7 in males. Phenotype and W chromosome-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that developmental abnormalities and sex reversal did not occur. Moreover, the sex ratio was also normal. Quantitative PCR revealed that the expression levels of SP1 and Vg were upregulated in the fat body of transgenic males. Additionally, the expression level of PBP was downregulated in the antenna of transgenic males. The results suggested that the C-terminus of BmDSX super(F5) functioned as a regulatory domain during regulation of downstream target gene expression and that BmDSX super(F5) participated in the sexual development of somatic cells together with other DSX proteins in B. mori.
Journal Article
Selection of reference genes for analysis of stress-responsive genes after challenge with viruses and temperature changes in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Viruses and high temperature (HT) are the primary threats to silkworms. Changes in the expression of stress-response genes can be measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after exposure to viruses or HT. However, appropriate reference genes (RGs) for qPCR data normalization have not been established in this organism. In this study, we summarized the RGs used in the previous silkworm studies after infection with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV), or B. mori densovirus (BmDNV) or after HT treatment. The expression levels of these RGs were extracted from silkworm transcriptome data to screen for candidate RGs that were unaffected by the experimental conditions. Actin-1 (A1), actin-3 (A3), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and translation initiation factor 4a (TIF-4A) were selected for further qPCR verification. The results of RNA-seq and qPCR showed that GAPDH and TIF-4A were suitable RGs after BmNPV challenge or HT stress, whereas TIF-4A was an appropriate RG for BmCPV or BmDNV-Z challenge in silkworms. These results suggested that TIF-4A may be the most appropriate RG for gene expression analysis after challenge with viruses or HT in silkworms.
Journal Article
Coffee and Arterial Hypertension
Purpose of ReviewCoffee is a very popular drink and an estimated 2.25 billion cups worldwide are consumed daily. Such popularity of coffee makes it the most consumed drink next to water. Numerous studies have shown a beneficial effect of habitual and moderate coffee consumption on the functioning of the nervous, digestive, and cardiovascular systems, as well as on kidney function. Taking into account the very high prevalence of arterial hypertension in the world (31.1% of adults), much controversy has been raised about the influence of coffee consumption on blood pressure and the risk of arterial hypertension. Moreover, there have been extensive discussions about the safety of coffee consumption for hypertensive persons.Recent FindingsThere are over 1000 chemical compounds in coffee. The best characterized of these are caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, kahweol, cafestol, ferulic acid, and melanoidins. These compounds have bidirectional influences on blood pressure regulation. The results of numerous studies and meta-analyses indicate that moderate and habitual coffee consumption does not increase and may even reduce the risk of developing arterial hypertension. Conversely, occasional coffee consumption has hypertensinogenic effects. Moderate habitual coffee consumption in hypertensive persons does not appear to increase the risk of uncontrolled blood pressure and may even reduce the risk of death from any cause.SummaryModerate and habitual consumption of coffee (1-–3 cups / day) does not adversely affect blood pressure in most people, including those with arterial hypertension.
Journal Article
Advances in the Arms Race Between Silkworm and Baculovirus
Insects are the largest group of animals. Nearly all organisms, including insects, have viral pathogens. An important domesticated economic insect is the silkworm moth Bombyx mori . B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a typical baculovirus and a primary silkworm pathogen. It causes major economic losses in sericulture. Baculoviruses are used in biological pest control and as a bioreactor. Silkworm and baculovirus comprise a well-established model of insect–virus interactions. Several recent studies have focused on this model and provided novel insights into viral infections and host defense. Here, we focus on baculovirus invasion, silkworm immune response, baculovirus evasion of host immunity, and enhancement of antiviral efficacy. We also discuss major issues remaining and future directions of research on silkworm antiviral immunity. Elucidation of the interaction between silkworm and baculovirus furnishes a theoretical basis for targeted pest control, enhanced pathogen resistance in economically important insects, and bioreactor improvement.
Journal Article
Transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes in the Ras1 super(CA)-overexpressed and wildtype posterior silk glands
Background: Using the piggyBac-mediated GAL4/UAS transgenic system established in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, we have previously reported that overexpression of the Ras1 super(CA) oncogene specifically in the posterior silk gland (PSG) improved cell growth, fibroin synthesis, and thus silk yield. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. To achieve this goal, Illumina sequencing was used in the present study to compare the transcriptomes of the Ras1 super(CA)-overexpressed and wildtype PSGs. Results: The transcriptomic sequencing results in 56 million reads following filtering steps. Most of the reads ( similar to 70%) are successfully mapped to the Bombyx genome. The mapped reads are situated within at least 9,133 predicted genes, covering 62.46% genes of the Bombyx genome. GO annotation shows that 2512 of the 2,636 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are mostly distributed in metabolic process, cell and cell part, and binding, and KEGG annotation shows that 1,941 DEGs are mapped into 277 pathways. Importantly, Ras1 super(CA) overexpression in the PSG upregulated many DEGs distributed in \"pathways in cancer\", \"insulin signaling pathway\", and \"MAPK signaling pathway\" as well as \"purine metabolism\" and \"pyrimidine metabolism\". Transcriptional regulation of these DEGs was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, injection of small-molecule chemical inhibitors of the Ras1 downstream effectors into the Ras1 super(CA)-overexpressed silkworms revealed that both Raf-MAPK and PI3K-TORC1 pathways are required for the Ras1-induced DEG expression. Conclusion: The transcriptomic analysis illustrates that, apart from phosphorylational regulation, Ras1 activates its downstream Raf-MAPK and PI3K-TORC1 pathways at the transcriptional level. Meanwhile, Ras1 increases DNA content and induces endoreplication, at least in part, by upregulating genes in \"nucleotide metabolism\" and \"cell cycle\". This study provides further insights into the molecular mechanism of how Ras1 super( CA ) overexpression in the PSG improves silk yield.
Journal Article