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A single session of functional neurology led to the integration of multiple retained primitive reflexes in a child, resulting in improved motor coordination and cognitive function. This case highlights functional neurology as a promising treatment for neurodevelopmental challenges.

Particularly important postnatal developmental reflexes that diminish in later stages of development are Moro reflex and Galant reflex that belong among the so-called primitive reflexes. According to current evidence persistence of the primitive reflexes is related to certain specific neuropsychiatric disorders. According to current knowledge there is no evidence whether these reflexes play a role in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). To develop these findings we have tested a hypothesis whether ADHD children in the school age (8–11 years) will have higher level of persisting primitive reflexes Moro and Galant compared to a control group of children of the same age. Results of this study show that ADHD children have high occurrence of primitive reflexes compared to the control group, which indicates that ADHD symptoms may present a compensation of unfinished developmental stages related to diminishing Moro and Galant reflexes.

Ernst Moro was born on December 8, 1874, in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire and attended university in Graz, Austria. Pediatrics, initially regarded as a part of internal medicine, was in its early days as an independent field at universities in German-speaking Europe. The first Chair of Pediatrics had been established in Vienna, Austria in 1884. Ten years later Germany was granted its first Chair in Berlin. Escherich, who held the first Chair of Pediatrics at Graz, was seen as one of the most respected pediatricians in Europe. Therefore, he was invited in 1904 to represent pediatrics together with the American Abraham Jacobi at the International World Congress on Science at the Saint Louis World Exposition in the United States. The high mortality of nearly 25% in infancy was seen as one of the main problems. Escherich's scientific work had established him as the leading bacteriologist. Moro's pediatric career started in Escherich's laboratory with experimental research on the physiology of digestion in infants. In 1900 he presented the first bacteriological characterisation of Lactobacillus acidophilus. In 1906 he received his venia legendi for his work on the bacterial flora in physiological and pathological conditions of the infantile intestine. In 1908 Moro won international reputation for his simple percutaneous skin test for tuberculosis, which was widely used in many countries as the \"Moro test\" at least until the 1960s. He described a carrot soup and other dietary prescriptions as helpful for diarrhoeal disease. In 1911 he became Head of the Children's Hospital at Heidelberg. In 1918 he described some features peculiar to the first 3 months; according to him this trimenon should be regarded as an own entity like the newborn period. The most famous part of the paper was the description of a milestone in the infant's neurological development, the Umklammerungsreflex (embracing reflex). In 1919 Moro was promoted from associate professor to the first 'Ordinarius', thus founding the first Chair of Pediatrics at Heidelberg and marking the beginning of a scientifically most fruitful period of international collaboration. However, as his wife was of Jewish origin, Moro slowly withdrew from hospital service starting in 1933. After early retirement in 1936, he worked as a pediatrician at home until 1948.

Primitive and postural reflexes provide useful tools with which to assess the central nervous system (CNS), because they are developmental in terms of when they should be active and hierarchical in terms of the level of the nervous system involved. Primitive reflexes develop in the womb, are present at birth in the full‐term neonate. Postural reflexes emerge after birth and take up to three and a half years to be fully developed. Collectively, abnormality in the profile of these two groups of reflexes provides indications of neurological dysfunction or neurological immaturity. Spinal reflexes function at the base of the hierarchical control system. A weak or absent Moro reflex is seen in cases of upper motor neuron lesions; an asymmetrical Moro reflex at birth may indicate a fractured clavicle or an Erb's palsy. The fear paralysis reflex is a highly alert but immobile state involving one or several following physical changes.

DSM-V içerisindeki bu tanılamalar; basmakalıp ya da tekrarlı motor eylemler (stereotipler) ve duyusal sistemler (Ertürk, Kokmaz, Alev, Demirbilek, & Kiziltan, 2016) OSB tanılama kriterleri içindeki bozulan ilk gelişimsel alanlardır. Ayrıca özellikle yaşamın ilk yılındaki motor gelişimdeki gecikme çoǧunlukla otizm spektrum bozukluǧunun bir karakteristiǧi durumundadır (Kaur, Srinivasan, & Bhat, 2015; Nickel, Thatcher, Keller, Wozniak, & Iverson, 2013). Bu amaçla; FPR ve Moro reflekslerinin O SB ile ilişkisi nedir? FPR ile Moro refleksi problemlerine baǧlı olarak gelişen gelişimsel sorunlar nelerdir ve OSB ile ilişkisi nedir? Moro refleksi (Fear Paralysis refleksinden sonra) uterusta yaklaşık olarak dokuz ile on ikinci haftalar arasında ortaya çıkar ve doǧumdan sonra üçüncü aydan itibaren dördüncü aylarda (3. ve 4. aylarda) entegrasyonunu tamamlar (Tablo 3) ve kaybolur (Brandes, 2015; Christmas & Van de Weyer, 2020; Goddard, 2005).

The startle reflex provides a revealing model for examining the ways in which evolved neurophysiology shapes personal experience and patterns of recurrent social interaction. In the most diverse cultural contexts, in societies widely separated by time and space, the inescapable physiology of the reflex both shapes the experience of startle and biases the social usages to which the reflex is put. This book describes ways in which the startle reflex is experienced, culturally elaborated, and socially used in a wide variety of times and places. It offers explanations both for the patterned commonalities found across cultural settings and for the differences engendered by diverse social environments. Boo! will intrigue readers in fields such as psychological anthropology, medical anthropology, general cultural anthropology, social psychology, cross-cultural psychiatry, evolutionary psychology, and human ethology.