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Alpha, Bravo, Charlie : the complete book of nautical codes
An introduction to maritime communication through nautical flags, along with morse code, the phonetic alphabet, and semaphore signaling. Today's system of international maritime signal flags was developed in the 19th century, and is still used for communication between ships, or between ship and shore. Each flag, boldly colored for visual distinction at sea, stands for a letter as well as a phrase relevant to seafaring. The resulting code is both beautiful and functional, inviting readers to code and decode messages of their own! -- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Flexible optoelectronic neural transistors with broadband spectrum sensing and instant electrical processing for multimodal neuromorphic computing
A flexible optoelectronic neural transistor (OENT) that consists of a one‐step spin‐coated tri‐blend film composed of 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT), poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is demonstrated. The C8‐BTBT and P3HT phases in the film partially segregate into distinct domains, which combine to provide broadband spectrum sensing, and instant electrical‐processing capabilities dominated by C8‐BTBT. The OENT is sensitive to solar radiation from the near‐ultraviolet (NUV) and to visible (Vis) radiation from blue to red. When exposed to NUV radiation, the OENT responds sensitively and retains the memory of the exposure for over 103 s. The OENT provides a warning of excessive chronic exposure to harmful NUV. These properties allow high‐pass filtering with different cut‐off frequencies fc that can restrict the reception of blue, green, or red. These switchable fc enables sensitive image reconstruction and multitarget monitoring. The device combined with a chitosan gel achieves strictly defined short‐range plasticity of <1 s that can achieve diverse instant‐computing applications such as spatiotemporally correlated coding and logic functions. Stable real‐time signal processing facilitates the realization of a Morse‐code recognition system constructed using neuro‐morphological hardware, achieving highly accurate character recognition. This study provides a useful resource that can have applications in wearable biomedical electronics and multimodal neuromorphic computing. Integration of multimode signal (e.g., optical and electrical) sensing and processing functions into a single neuromorphic device has become an important trend. Here, a flexible optoelectronic neural transistor with the channel region consisting of a one‐step spin‐coated tri‐blend film composed of 2,7dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT), poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The device possesses broadband spectrum sensing and instant electrical‐processing capabilities.
Journal Article
Self‐Powered, Soft and Breathable Human–Machine Interface Based on Piezoelectric Sensors
Wearable electronics revolutionize human–machine interfaces (HMIs) for robotic or prosthetic control. Yet, the challenge lies in eliminating conventional rigid and impermeable electronic components, such as batteries, while considering the comfort and usability of HMIs over prolonged periods. Herein, a self‐powered, flexible, and breathable HMI is developed based on piezoelectric sensors. This interface is designed to accurately monitor subtle changes in body and muscle movements, facilitating effective communication and control of robotic prosthetic hands for various applications. Utilizing engineered porous structures within the polymeric material, the piezoelectric sensor demonstrates a significantly enhanced sensitivity, flexibility, and permeability, highlighting its outstanding HMI applications. Furthermore, the developed control algorithm enables a single sensor to comprehensively control robotic hands. By successfully translating piezoelectric signals generated from bicep muscle movements into Morse Code, this HMI serves as an efficient communication device. Additionally, the process is demonstrated by illustrating the execution of the daily task of “drinking a cup of water” using the developed HMI to enable the control of a human‐interactive robotic prosthetic hand through the detection of bicep muscle movements. Such HMIs pave the way toward self‐powered and comfortable biomimetic systems, making a significant contribution to the future evolution of prosthetics. Wearable electronics transform human–machine interfaces (HMIs) by replacing rigid components with flexible, breathable alternatives. This study presents a self‐powered HMI with piezoelectric sensors for monitoring subtle body motions. Enhanced sensitivity, breathability, and a new control algorithm enable improved control of a robotic hand, demonstrated by translating bicep muscle signals into Morse Code and executing task like drinking water.
Journal Article
Stepwise taming of triplet excitons via multiple confinements in intrinsic polymers for long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence
Polymeric materials exhibiting room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) show a promising application potential. However, the conventional ways of preparing such materials are mainly focused on doping, which may suffer from phase separation, poor compatibility, and lack of effective methods to promote intersystem crossing and suppress the nonradiative deactivation rates. Herein, we present an intrinsically polymeric RTP system producing long-lived phosphorescence, high quantum yields and multiple colors by stepwise structural confinement to tame triplet excitons. In this strategy, the performance of the materials is improved in two aspects simultaneously: the phosphorescence lifetime of one polymer (9VA-B) increased more than 4 orders of magnitude, and the maximum phosphorescence quantum yield reached 16.04% in halogen-free polymers. Moreover, crack detection is realized by penetrating steam through the materials exposed to humid surroundings as a special quenching effect, and the information storage is carried out by employing the Morse code and the variations in lifetimes. This study provides a different strategy for constructing intrinsically polymeric RTP materials toward targeted applications.
Materials with room temperature phosphorescence have potential in a range of applications, but preparing the systems can still be challenging. Here, the authors report an intrinsically polymeric room temperature phosphorescent material, applied in crack detection.
Journal Article
Wide range zero-thermal-quenching ultralong phosphorescence from zero-dimensional metal halide hybrids
Materials with ultralong phosphorescence have wide-ranging application prospects in biological imaging, light-emitting devices, and anti-counterfeiting. Usually, molecular phosphorescence is significantly quenched with increasing temperature, rendering it difficult to achieve high-efficiency and ultralong room temperature phosphorescence. Herein, we spearhead this challenging effort to design thermal-quenching resistant phosphorescent materials based on an effective intermediate energy buffer and energy transfer route. Co-crystallized assembly of zero-dimensional metal halide organic-inorganic hybrids enables ultralong room temperature phosphorescence of (Ph
4
P)
2
Cd
2
Br
6
that maintains luminescent stability across a wide temperature range from 100 to 320 K (ΔT = 220 °C) with the room temperature phosphorescence quantum yield of 62.79% and lifetime of 37.85 ms, which exceeds those of other state-of-the-art systems. Therefore, this work not only describes a design for thermal-quenching-resistant luminescent materials with high efficiency, but also demonstrates an effective way to obtain intelligent systems with long-lasting room temperature phosphorescence for optical storage and logic compilation applications.
Molecular luminescence is generally significantly quenched at high temperature. Here the authors report a zero-dimensional metal halide hybrid that exhibits zero-thermal-quenching ultralong phosphorescence over a wide temperature range of 220 K, and demonstrate use for Morse code encryption and logic gates.
Journal Article
Tactile sensory coding and learning with bio-inspired optoelectronic spiking afferent nerves
The integration and cooperation of mechanoreceptors, neurons and synapses in somatosensory systems enable humans to efficiently sense and process tactile information. Inspired by biological somatosensory systems, we report an optoelectronic spiking afferent nerve with neural coding, perceptual learning and memorizing capabilities to mimic tactile sensing and processing. Our system senses pressure by MXene-based sensors, converts pressure information to light pulses by coupling light-emitting diodes to analog-to-digital circuits, then integrates light pulses using a synaptic photomemristor. With neural coding, our spiking nerve is capable of not only detecting simultaneous pressure inputs, but also recognizing Morse code, braille, and object movement. Furthermore, with dimensionality-reduced feature extraction and learning, our system can recognize and memorize handwritten alphabets and words, providing a promising approach towards e-skin, neurorobotics and human-machine interaction technologies.
Designing artificial somatosensory systems to efficiently emulate biological tactile information sensing, coding, and processing remains a challenge. Here, the authors demonstrate a tactile sensory system based on optoelectronic spiking afferent nerves with both coding and learning capabilities.
Journal Article
3D printed triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered human-machine interactive sensor for breathing-based language expression
Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are important windows for a human to communicate with the outside world. The current HMI devices such as cellphones, tablets, and computers can be used to help people with aphasia for language expression. However, these conventional HMI devices are not friendly to some particular groups who also lose their abilities of physical movements like in the intensive care unit (ICU) or vegetative patients to realize language expression. Herein, we report a breath-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) acting as a HMI sensor for language expression through human breathing without voice controls or manual operations. The TENG is integrated within a mask and fabricated via a three-dimensional (3D) printing method. When wearing the mask, the TENG can produce responsive electric signals corresponding to the airflow from breathing, which is capable of recognizing human breathing types with different intensities, lengths, and frequencies. On the basis of the breathing recognition ability, a breathing-based language expressing system is further developed through introducing the Morse code as a communication protocol. Compared with conventional language expressing devices, this system can extract subjective information of a person from breathing behaviors and output corresponding language text, which is not relying on voices or physical movements. This research for the first time introduces the self-powered breathing-based language expressing method to the field of HMI technology by using a 3D printed TENG, and could make HMI interactions become more friendly and fascinating.
Journal Article
A Novel Optical Morse Code-Based Electronic Lock Using the Ambient Light Sensor and Fuzzy Controller
In this work, a novel electronic lock that can encode and decode optical signals, modulated using Morse code conventions, was developed to build a smart home security system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). There are five topics of interest in this research: (1) optical Morse code encoder; (2) optical Morse code decoder; (3) ambient light sensor circuit; (4) fuzzy controller; (5) cloud monitoring system. We take advantage of the light-emitting components as the encoder, which are readily available in hand-held mobile devices (e.g., Smart phones) and photoresistors and a microcontroller as the decoder. By Wi-Fi transferring, even without a personal computer, real-time information about this lock can be uploaded to the cloud service platform, and helps users to ensure home safety on the remote monitoring system. By using the ambient light sensor and fuzzy controller in this novel optical Morse code-based electronic lock, experimental results show that the reliability of this system is much improved from 65% to 100%. That means that it is highly resistant to different illumination conditions in the work environment, and therefore all functions, including coding, emitting, receiving, decoding, uploading and cloud monitoring, can work well. Furthermore, besides the convenience and cost reduction, by incorporating traditional keys into smart phones, as a consumer electronics, our proposed system is suitable for users of all ages because of a user-friendly operation interface.
Journal Article
Bioinspired cellulose‐integrated MXene‐based hydrogels for multifunctional sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding
Bioinspired hydrogels are complex materials with distinctive properties comparable to biological tissues. Their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli leads to substantial application potential in wearable smart devices. However, these multifaceted hydrogels are often challenging to be combined with pattern customization, stimulus responsiveness, self‐healing, and biocompatibility. Herein, inspired by mussel secretions, a printable, self‐healing, and biocompatible MXene‐based composite hydrogel was designed and prepared by incorporating Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets into the hydrogel framework through the chelation of calcium ions (Ca2+) with polyacrylic acid and cellulose nanofibers at alkaline conditions. The biocompatible conductive hydrogel exhibited sensitivity (gauge factor of 2.16), self‐healing (within 1 s), recognition, and adhesion, distinguishing it as an ideal candidate for wearable multifunctional sensors toward strain sensing, vocal sensing, signature detection, and Morse code transmission. Additionally, the multifunctional hydrogel manifested efficient electromagnetic interference shielding properties (reaching more than 30 dB at a thickness of 2.0 mm), protecting electronics and humans from electromagnetic radiation and pollution. Therefore, the presented work represents a versatile strategy for developing environmentally friendly conductive hydrogels, demonstrating the perspectives of intelligent hydrogels for multifunctional applications. Inspired by mussel secretions, a stretchable, adhesive, printable, self‐healing, biodegradable, and the conductive hydrogel is prepared, which can be applied as a strain sensor, a voice sensor, a signature sensor, and a Morse code transmitter concurrently, and act as an electromagnetic interference shielding device to protect the wearable electronics and human body from electromagnetic radiation.
Journal Article
A Flexible Smart Healthcare Platform Conjugated with Artificial Epidermis Assembled by Three-Dimensionally Conductive MOF Network for Gas and Pressure Sensing
The rising flexible and intelligent electronics greatly facilitate the noninvasive and timely tracking of physiological information in telemedicine healthcare. Meticulously building bionic-sensitive moieties is vital for designing efficient electronic skin with advanced cognitive functionalities to pluralistically capture external stimuli. However, realistic mimesis, both in the skin’s three-dimensional interlocked hierarchical structures and synchronous encoding multistimuli information capacities, remains a challenging yet vital need for simplifying the design of flexible logic circuits. Herein, we construct an artificial epidermal device by in situ growing Cu
3
(HHTP)
2
particles onto the hollow spherical Ti
3
C
2
T
x
surface, aiming to concurrently emulate the spinous and granular layers of the skin’s epidermis. The bionic Ti
3
C
2
T
x
@Cu
3
(HHTP)
2
exhibits independent NO
2
and pressure response, as well as novel functionalities such as acoustic signature perception and Morse code-encrypted message communication. Ultimately, a wearable alarming system with a mobile application terminal is self-developed by integrating the bimodular senor into flexible printed circuits. This system can assess risk factors related with asthmatic, such as stimulation of external NO
2
gas, abnormal expiratory behavior and exertion degrees of fingers, achieving a recognition accuracy of 97.6% as assisted by a machine learning algorithm. Our work provides a feasible routine to develop intelligent multifunctional healthcare equipment for burgeoning transformative telemedicine diagnosis.
Highlights
A smart wearable alarming system integrated artificial epidermal device for pluralistically identifying asthmatic attack risk factors, achieving a 97.6% classification accuracy as assisted by machine learning algorithm.
A meticulous mimicry both in the advanced structural attributes and encoding information abilities of the skin was adopted to design a novel artificial epidermal device by integrating conductive Cu
3
(HHTP)
2
coupled with spherical Ti
3
C
2
T
x
.
The bioinspired Ti
3
C
2
T
x
@Cu
3
(HHTP)
2
sensors can independently perceive NO
2
gas and pressure-triggered stimuli.
Journal Article