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In Jerusalem, Israeli and Jordanian militias patrolled a fortified, impassable Green Line from 1948 until 1967. In Nicosia, two walls and a buffer zone have segregated Turkish and Greek Cypriots since 1963. In Belfast, \"peaceline\" barricades have separated working-class Catholics and Protestants since 1969. In Beirut, civil war from 1974 until 1990 turned a cosmopolitan city into a lethal patchwork of ethnic enclaves. In Mostar, the Croatian and Bosniak communities have occupied two autonomous sectors since 1993. These cities were not destined for partition by their social or political histories. They were partitioned by politicians, citizens, and engineers according to limited information, short-range plans, and often dubious motives. How did it happen? How can it be avoided? Divided Citiesexplores the logic of violent urban partition along ethnic lines-when it occurs, who supports it, what it costs, and why seemingly healthy cities succumb to it. Planning and conservation experts Jon Calame and Esther Charlesworth offer a warning beacon to a growing class of cities torn apart by ethnic rivals. Field-based investigations in Beirut, Belfast, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia are coupled with scholarly research to illuminate the history of urban dividing lines, the social impacts of physical partition, and the assorted professional responses to \"self-imposed apartheid.\" Through interviews with people on both sides of a divide-residents, politicians, taxi drivers, built-environment professionals, cultural critics, and journalists-they compare the evolution of each urban partition along with its social impacts. The patterns that emerge support an assertion that division is a gradual, predictable, and avoidable occurrence that ultimately impedes intercommunal cooperation. With the voices of divided-city residents, updated partition maps, and previously unpublished photographs,Divided Citiesilluminates the enormous costs of physical segregation.

In November 2007 Adam Moore was conducting fieldwork in Mostar when the southern Bosnian city was rocked by two days of violent clashes between Croat and Bosniak youth. It was not the city's only experience of ethnic conflict in recent years. Indeed, Mostar's problems are often cited as emblematic of the failure of international efforts to overcome deep divisions that continue to stymie the postwar peace process in Bosnia. Yet not all of Bosnia has been plagued by such troubles. Mostar remains mired in distrust and division, but the Brčko District in the northeast corner of the country has become a model of what Bosnia could be. Its multiethnic institutions operate well compared to other municipalities, and are broadly supported by those who live there; it also boasts the only fully integrated school system in the country. What accounts for the striking divergence in postwar peacebuilding in these two towns? Moore argues that a conjunction of four factors explains the contrast in peacebuilding outcomes in Mostar and Brčko: The design of political institutions, the sequencing of political and economic reforms, local and regional legacies from the war, and the practice and organization of international peacebuilding efforts in the two towns. Differences in the latter, in particular, have profoundly shaped relations between local political elites and international officials. Through a grounded analysis of localized peacebuilding dynamics in these two cities Moore generates a powerful argument concerning the need to rethink how peacebuilding is done-that is, a shift in the habitus or culture that governs international peacebuilding activities and priorities today. In November 2007 Adam Moore was conducting fieldwork in Mostar when the southern Bosnian city was rocked by two days of violent clashes between Croat and Bosniak youth. It was not the city's only experience of ethnic conflict in recent years. Indeed, Mostar's problems are often cited as emblematic of the failure of international efforts to overcome deep divisions that continue to stymie the postwar peace process in Bosnia. Yet not all of Bosnia has been plagued by such troubles. Mostar remains mired in distrust and division, but the Brcko District in the northeast corner of the country has become a model of what Bosnia could be. Its multiethnic institutions operate well compared to other municipalities, and are broadly supported by those who live there; it also boasts the only fully integrated school system in the country. What accounts for the striking divergence in postwar peacebuilding in these two towns?Moore argues that a conjunction of four factors explains the contrast in outcomes in Mostar and Brcko: The design of political institutions, the sequencing of political and economic reforms, local and regional legacies from the war, and the practice and organization of international peacebuilding efforts in the two towns. Differences in the latter, in particular, have profoundly shaped relations between local political elites and international officials. Through a grounded analysis of localized peacebuilding dynamics in these two cities Moore generates a powerful argument concerning the need to rethink how peacebuilding is done-that is, a shift in the habitus or culture that governs international peacebuilding activities and priorities today.

This article presents a comprehensive topological analysis of Mostar-type indices and entropy measures applied to Silicon Dioxide ( S i O 2 ) and nanostructures. To characterize the complexity and variety within S i O 2 and other nanostructures, this research looks into the calculation of Mostar-type indices, a unique mathematical framework, and entropy metrics. This work presents a thorough investigation of the atomic arrangements and information content inherent in these materials by using cutting-edge computational tools and algorithms. The measurement of complex molecular structures can be achieved through the correlation of entropy with graphs. Various graph entropies have been proposed in the literature. This study introduces novel graph entropies that utilize bond additive indices to assess network and graph peripherality. Specifically, we calculated the Mostar type indices, Mostar entropy, edge Mostar entropy, and total Mostar entropy for molecular structures such as S i O 2 , C 8 layer structure, and melem chain nanostructure. Moreover, analytical expressions for these entropies were derived using the cut method.

For a graph G, the edge Mostar index of G is the sum of |mu (e|G) – mv (e|G)| over all edges e = uv of G, where mu (e|G) denotes the number of edges of G that have a smaller distance in G to u than to v, and analogously for mv (e|G). This paper mainly studies the problem of determining the graphs that maximize the edge Mostar index among tricyclic graphs. To be specific, we determine a sharp upper bound for the edge Mostar index on tricyclic graphs and identify the graphs that attain the bound.

The Mostar index of a graph G is defined as the sum of absolute values of the di erences between nu and nv over all edges e = uv of G, where nu(e) and nv(e) are respectively, the number of vertices of G lying closer to vertex u than to vertex v and the number of vertices of G lying closer to vertex v than to vertex u. A cactus is a graph in which any two cycles have at most one common vertex. In this paper, we determine all the n-vertex cacti with the largest Mostar index, and we give a sharp upper bound of the Mostar index for cacti of order n with k cycles, and characterize all the cacti that achieve this bound.

The Mostar index of a graph G is defined as the sum of absolute values of the differences between nu and nv over all edges uv of G, where nu and nv are respectively, the number of vertices of G lying closer to vertex u than to vertex v and the number of vertices of G lying closer to vertex v than to vertex u. We identify those trees with minimum and/or maximum Mostar index in the families of trees of order n with fixed parameters like the maximum degree, the diameter, number of pendent vertices by using graph transformations that decrease or increase the Mostar index.

Let G be a connected graph; the edge Mostar index Moe(G) of G is defined as Moe(G)=∑e=uv∈E(G)|mu(e)−mv(e)|, where mu(e) and mv(e) denote the number of edges in G that are closer to vertex u than to vertex v and the number of edges that are closer to vertex v than to vertex u, respectively. In this paper, we determine the upper bound of the edge Mostar index for all bicyclic graphs and identify the extremal graphs that achieve this bound.

If 𝐺 is a graph, and if for 𝑒 = 𝑢𝑣 ∈ 𝐸(𝐺) the number of vertices closer to 𝑢 than to 𝑣 is denoted by 𝑛𝑢, then Mo ( G ) = ∑ u v ∈ E ( G ) | n u − n v | is the Mostar index of 𝐺. In this paper, the Mostar index is studied on trees and graph products. Lower and upper bounds are given on the difference between the Mostar indices of a tree and a tree obtained by contraction one of its edges and the corresponding extremal trees are characterized. An upper bound on the Mostar index for the class of all trees but the stars is proved. Extremal trees are also determined on the (𝑘+1)-th largest/smallest Mostar index. The index is also studied on Cartesian and corona products.