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Aiming at improving the cooling of motor annular water jacket, the effects of different water jacket designs and pump rotation speed and epoxy resin filling on the flow field characteristics and motor temperature distribution were studied. Results show that uneven flow distribution leads to high temperature of motor coil and large temperature gradient. The optimized water jacket has better flow, uniform flow distribution of long and short paths, higher utilization rate of coolant, and the coil temperature is 2 °C lower than that of original model. On the basis of optimized water jacket, when epoxy resin filling methodology and pump rotation speed increased to 5000 r/min are applied, the coil temperature can be reduced by 16 °C compared with the original model. From the cooling performance optimization results in current case, the improvement order from the smallest to the biggest is the optimization of motor water jacket flow field, optimization of motor water jacket system flow rate, and the epoxy resin filling. To meet the cooling demands of motor, the comprehensive effects from the aspects of reducing coolant system resistance, increasing pump speed, epoxy resin filling and other effective technologies are ought to be considered for all case studies.

Purpose>Motorcycle is one of the popular modes of transport in developing countries. However, the statistics related to accidents show that motorcycles are the most vulnerable vehicles. Research studies have revealed that half of all the possible types of motorcycle injuries could be reduced or prevented using effective protective clothing. Facts and figures emphasize that this is high time to develop a safety jacket for motorbike riders. This paper aims to develop an innovative, integrated automatic air-inflated tubeless jacket to prevent major injuries in fatal accidents.Design/methodology/approach>Two accelerometers integrated near the front axle, an angle sensor and the electronic control unit (ECU) were used to detect the collision or accident. The sensors were fixed on the bike and connected with the ECU via a bluetooth device that was always at the activated stage. The fused sensors were emulated with the ECU under laboratory conditions. The trigger signal generated by the crash discriminant algorithm triggered the chemical reaction to generate N2 gas and inflate the tubeless safety jacket.Findings>Under laboratory conditions, it was found that the signal generated by the ECU unit ejected approximately 15 litres of N2 gas in volume to fill the jacket within 100 milliseconds, which was less than the approximate estimated falling time of the rider 120 milliseconds.Originality/value>The existing developments of airbag systems in motorbikes are mounted on the motorbikes' frame, following the airbag systems in automobiles. These developments cannot fully protect the rider due to differentiation in crash dynamics and respective positions of the rider at the point of impact. Though few safety jackets and airbag vests are developed, the airbag deployment is activated when rider and motorbike separated during a collision using a tether-triggering mechanism. The authors designed the jacket so that inflation is activated not only by crash sensors but also on the fusion of multiple sensors based on a crash discriminative algorithm. The airbag deployment mechanism is incorporated with the jacket and acts as a safety jacket during a collision.

In a liquid-cooled engine, coolant is pumped throughout the water jacket of the engine, drawing heat from the cylinder head, pistons, combustion chambers, cylinder walls, and valves, etc. If the engine temperature is too high or too low, various problems will occur. These include overheating of the lubricating oil and engine parts, excessive stresses between engine parts, loss of power, incomplete burning of fuel, etc. Thus, the engine should be maintained at the proper operating temperature. This study investigated the effects of different cylinder head gasket opening on the engine temperature distributions in a water-cooled motorcycle engine. The numerical predictions for the temperature distribution are in good agreement with the experimental data within 20%.