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This article analyzes Ṣadrā's (d. 1045/1635–1636) use of historical sources on pre-Socratics in his discussions devoted to the two correlated problems of the origination of the world and the theory of chance. His overall attitude to pre-Socratics is that of an Illuminationist philosopher. This is facilitated by the fact that the sources he consults present Neoplatonic interpretations of a number of pre-Socratic views that he finds easy to reconcile with his own doctrines. In his discussion on the material world's origination, Ṣadrā sees them as precursors of his own doctrine of substantial motion. However, when it comes to chance Ṣadrā has to address Ibn Sina's refutation of the views of Democritus and Empedocles. Ṣadrā's discussion is based on Rāzī's summary treatment of Ibn Sina's critique but intertwined with assertions (which trace back to Suhrawardī) that pre-Socratic views were misunderstood or even fabricated.

Makale, Azerbaycan edebiyat eleştirisinin önde gelen temsilcilerinden Salman Mümtaz'ın Yunus Emre ve Molla Kasım üzerine yaptıǧı bilimsel araştırmaya adanmıştır. Burada XIII-XIV yüzyıllarda Türk şiir düşüncesinin gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunan sanatçılardan birinin Yunus Emre olduǧu vurgulanmaktadır. Halkın ruhuyla kaleme aldıǧı eserleri ve edebî faaliyeti ile ilk âşık mekteplerinden biri olan Anadolu Âşık Mektebi'ni kuran Yunus Emre, sanatsal başarı alanında millî ilerleme kaydetmiş edebî şahsiyetlerden biridir. Yunus Emre'nin bir eserinde adı geçen Molla Kasım hakkında yapılan araştırmalar makalenin oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Salman Mümtaz'a göre Molla Kasım XIII-XIV yüzyılların Azerbaycan şiirinin en güçlü sanatçılarından biriydi. Doǧum ve ölüm tarihi hakkında güvenilir bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte Yunus, Emre'nin çaǧdaşı olup onunla şiirler yazmıştır. Salman Mümtaz'ın bilim camiasına verdiǧi bu bilgilerden sonra Molla Kasım'ın kişiliǧine ve yaratıcılıǧına yönelik çeşitli yaklaşımlar ortaya çıktı. Mahmudbey Mahmudbeyov, Mammadhuseyn Tahmasib, Ahliman Ahundov, Sadnik Pshayev, Maharram Gasimli, Nizami Khalilov, Seyfaddin Ganiyev, Aǧalar Mirza gibi alimlerin yanı sıra Türk araştırmacı Abdulbaki Cholpınarlı'nın da bu konuda baǧımsız görüşleri vardı. Bu âlimlerin çoǧu Molla Kasım'ın eserini övmüşler ve onun Azerbaycan edebiyatının gelişmesinde bir aşama olduǧu kanaatine varmışlardır. Bu nedenle Salman Mümtaz'ın bu alandaki araştırması büyük bir edebi olay olarak deǧerlendirilmelidir.

Chairman Poe and Chairman Salmon, Ranking Members Keating and Sherman, and other members of the Committees, thank you for inviting me here today to speak about Pakistan and its support for terrorist groups that threaten the security of the United States and its allies. This Committee rightly asks the question of whether Pakistan is a friend or foe in the fight against terrorism.

Fate, doom, and free will have always proved to be controversial terms among philosophers. The chief problem is whether a deterministic power prescribes the destiny of creatures or they possess pure free will in shaping their destinies. Mulla Sadra, a 17th century Iranian philosopher, believes in a blending of determinism and free will which he develops in the terms of Qaza and Qadar respectively. He introduces a model of fate through which determinism and free will equally participate. Using the human soul as a model, Mulla Sadra points out that people meet their fate through several factors, one of which is free will. However, he concludes that free will and deterministic factors altogether stand within the circle of an omnipotent being. This paper presents a comparative study of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Silmarillion and Abul-Qasem Firdausi's Shahnameh. Both Indo-European mythologies are engaged with the clash of determinism and free will in the fabric of their plots. The authors of this paper argue that each mythology demonstrates a distinct system of free will/determinism dichotomy based on the yardstick of Mulla Sadra's theorem. To achieve this goal, the representative characters in both works are analyzed in the context of factors and actions the characters are involved with. The determinative factors, which define actions as free or deterministic, help bring a comparison between the systems of fate in the two works.

Several outstanding books have been written about the road to September 11. The Search for Al Qaeda has a different mission. While it does review how al Qaeda was created and developed, it focuses more closely on what has happened to the terrorist network since that awful day. According to Riedel, al Qaeda's ultimate goals are to drive America from the Muslim world (the ummah); to destroy Israel; and to create a jihadist caliphate along the lines of the Ottoman Empire at its height. The book reveals al Qaeda's multi-pronged strategy for accomplishing those goals; draw America into the type of \"bleeding wars\" that drove the Soviets from Afghanistan, build a safe haven for al Qaeda in Pakistan; develop other \"franchises\" in the Islamic world that can overthrow pro-American regimes; and conduct more Western attacks along the lines of 9-11 or the transit bombings in Madrid and London. Bruce Riedel is an expert on the Middle East and South Asia, with 30 years of policymaking experience in regional diplomacy and counterterrorism. He draws on this experience and firsthand knowledge in profiling the four most important figures in the al Qaeda movement: Osama bin Laden, its creator and charismatic leader: ideologue Ayman al-Zawahiri, the Egyptian co-leader of al Qaeda and its principal spokesman; Abu Musaib al Zarqawi, the tenacious leader of al Qaeda in Iraq until his death in 2006; and Mullah Omar, Taliban host to al Qaeda. These profiles provide the base from which Riedel delivers a much clearer understanding of al Qaeda and what must be done to counter it.

Profiles the most important figures in the al Qaeda movement--Osama bin Laden, Ayman Zawahiri, Abu Musaib al Zarqawi, and Mullah Omar, giving a comprehensive analysis of its origins, leadership, ideology, and strategy. Focuses more closely on what has happened to al Qaeda since 9/11 and outlines its ultimate goals

Trzydzieści trzy opowiastki o Mulle Nasreddinie pochodzą z dwutomowego anonimowego zbioru Mollā Nasroddin wydanego w Teheranie w 1971 roku. Mułła Nasreddin, znany także jako m.in.: Hodża Nasreddin, Nasreddin Efendi, Hodża ar-Rumi, to domorosły filozof, mistyk, najmądrzejszy wśród najgłupszych i najgłupszy wśród najmądrzejszych, przechera, szachraj, trefniś, żartowniś, innymi słowy, trickster, którego przygody krążą w postaci anegdot i opowiastek od Anatolii po Azję Środkową. Wiele nacji uznaje go za swojego przedstawiciela, a badacze wciąż poszukują pierwowzoru jego postaci. Polskim czytelnikom znany dobrze dzięki twórczości Zdzisława Nowaka (1930–1995), wieloletniego redaktora miesięcznika Świerszczyk, czy Idriesa Shaha (1924–1996), brytyjsko-afgańskiego propagatora muzułmańskiego mistycyzmu (sufizmu).