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For the automatic calibration of handheld digital multimeters, an improved YOLOv8n network model was developed to better recognize small targets — specifically the characters “-” and “.”. The Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was integrated into the architecture to enhance feature extraction for small objects, and a novel 4D detection head was designed to effectively improve the model’s ability to capture fine-grained features. Experiments were conducted on a self-constructed dataset, and the results demonstrated that the improved model achieved a 3.24% higher mAP50-95 compared to the original YOLOv8n, successfully enabling accurate recognition of “-” and “.”. The calibration software based on this model improves efficiency by 61% compared to manual calibration.

This paper presents a strategy developed by Eletrobras Eletronorte Metrology Laboratory for traceability establishment of electrical calibrations, using a precision digital multimeter as reference standard. A method that uses the precision digital multimeter calibration report results at different points from those calibrated is shown and discussed, and some considerations to this method are done.

Due to the characteristics of plant electrical signals being weak, low-frequency, and susceptible to interference, this study proposes a hardware solution involving silver chloride medical adhesive electrodes and the design of conditioning circuits to amplify the plant electrical signals and reduce noise. On the software side, deep learning algorithms are proposed to extract the voltage values from a self-built plant electrical signal acquisition system. Experiments were conducted on two aloe vera plants grown in different environments. Voltage signals were synchronously collected by using a high-precision digital multimeter with anti-interference capabilities. The measured signals from the system were used as input signals for a 1D-CNN, and the synchronized high-precision digital multimeter measurements served as network labels. The 1D-CNN network was then trained by using deep learning algorithms to fit the voltage values from the acquisition system to those of the high-precision digital multimeter. This approach effectively reduces noise and extracts accurate voltage values in the self-built measurement system. By combining hardware and software, the precision of the measurements is improved, providing a new method for measuring plant electrical signals.

The multimeter is a sophisticated electronic measuring device that combines several functions: voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter. It measures DC and AC voltage, DC and AC current, resistance, capacitance, frequency, transistor gain, diode checks and wire-check connections. The multimeter also features automatic polarity reversal. Digital multimeters range from 2.5 digits (simple devices) to 3.5 digits (most devices). Slightly more expensive instruments with 4.5, 5 and higher digits are also available. The digit capacity “3.5”, for example, means that the display of the device shows 3 full digits, with a range of 0 to 9, and 1 digit with a limited range, i.e., the device can give readings in the range of 0.000 to 1.999; if the measured value is outside these limits, a changeover to another range is required. Many multimeters now have other functions available. This paper is relevant and can be useful because the multimeter is a lightweight, portable device that is convenient for basic measurements and troubleshooting in hard-to-reach places, as well as being a sophisticated stationary device with many features. Multimeter (from multimeter, tester from test, Avometer from AmperVoltOhmMeter) is a combined electrical measuring device that combines several functions. In the minimum set is a voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter. Sometimes a multimeter is performed in the form of current clamps. There are digital and analog multimeters. device multimeter computing technique.

A simple and low cost electrical property tester for material has been designed and built using cheap components. This instrument consists of simple adjustable current source circuit using LM317, gold coated pin probe and multimeters. The circuit arranged has produced sufficient current to do an electrical property measurement. Value of current could be adjusted to select suitable current in measurement. Resistance vs current graph shows a reciprocal function that generated by a constant voltage of 1.25 volts in output pin. An experiment to examine sheet resistance of ITO glass was carried out to make sure the instrument work properly.

High and ultra high voltage tests are commonly carried out to determine external and internal dielectric performances of electric power equipment. The standardization of these tests in different laboratories is obtained by following the standards with the requirements necessary to perform the tests. Among such requirements, the test voltage parameters must be measured within acceptable uncertainties. For a correct analysis of the test and presentation of the results it is necessary that the measuring system and the instrument used be able to estimate all parameters according to standard IEC 60060-1:2010, depending on each type of voltage and test, AC, DC or impulse. However, simpler conventional instruments, such as multimeters, are not capable of measuring and indicating all parameters required by current standards. Thus, dedicated instruments and software are needed, capable of performing the analysis of these parameters within the acceptable uncertainty limits. The use of software or measurement algorithms for voltage impulse testing is already described in IEC 61083-1 and -2 standards. Specifically, part 2 presents the reference waveforms used for the validation of the software used in the tests. Similarly, IEC 61083-4 is being developed for high voltage AC and DC tests, with standard waveforms for validation of the measurement software. The objective of this work is presenting the HVAT AC-DC virtual instrument developed in LabVIEW environment, capable of estimating the required AC and DC test parameters of the ABNT NBR IEC 60060-1:2013 standard and analyzing the robustness of such a virtual instrument through low and high voltage tests.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of ZnO Nanorods (ZnO NRs) morphology synthesized by the hydrothermal method to electrical properties of CH3NH3PbI3/ZnO NRs perovskite solar cell (PSCs). ZnO nanorods were synthesized on the ITO substrate by a hydrothermal method. ZnO NRs were synthesized using hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and zinc nitrate with a 1:1 molar ratio for 6 h. The growth temperature varied at 90°C and 100°C. The zinc nitrate concentration also varied at 25mM and 50 mM. The perovskite was made through a two-step deposition by spin coating with PbI2 and CH3NH3I as the main ingredients. The effects of the synthesis conditions on ZnO NRs and Perovskite films were systematically investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), LCR AC meters and multimeters. The SEM results showed that as the temperature and concentration of zinc nitrate increase the size of the diameter and length of the rods are increasing. ZnO NRs synthesized with 50 mM concentrations of zinc nitrate at a growth temperature of 90 °C temperature showed the best results in terms of ZnO NRs morphology. The XRD characterization results showed that the formed CH3NH3PbI3 film contained PbI2 impurities. The existence of PbI2 was suspected in opening the gap of recombination causing in low current and high dielectric constant.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC), a bio-electrochemical device that exploits electroactive microbes, has gained more attention in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Unfortunately, studies related to bio-electrochemistry are often constrained due to the need for precise and high-cost instrumentation, such as data logger/acquisition or data logging-multimeter for continuously monitoring electricity generation of MFCs in the rigid time interval. This present work aimed at two issues: (1) to evaluate the use of a low-cost microcontroller-based data logger, the developed multi-channels Arduino UNO-based data logging system, for monitoring the electricity generation of ten MFC bioreactors simultaneously, and (2) to evaluate the electrochemical performance of MFCs biocatalysts by ten electroactive microbes isolated from aquaculture pond sediment in Indonesia. The monitoring system worked with a multi-channels Arduino UNO, a multiplexer, an external 16-bit ADC (analogue to digital converter) ADS1115, and a RTC (real time clock) module. The MFC performance was evaluated in the terms of open circuit voltage and close circuit voltage (polarization curve, power density, and losses). Statistical analysis confirmed the high accuracy of the developed system with the average of absolute and relative error values of 1.21 mV and 1.26%, respectively, comparable to traditional multimeter utilized for MFC electricity measurement. These results suggested that the developed data logging system could be a considerable option as a low-cost monitoring device for electrochemical studies of MFCs. Electrochemical performances of ten anodic biocatalysts were also evaluated, suggesting that there were three effective bacteria (isolate KCf2, KCf4, and KCf10) for producing relatively stable bioelectricity in the reactor of MFCs. These three electroactive microbes can produce power density of 0.069 W m −2 , 0.021 W m −2 , and 0.010 W m −2 , respectively. Graphical Abstract

The use of batteries in electronic tools can cause environmental pollution. This problem can be solved by using natural ingredients that can replace conventional batteries as a source of electrical voltage. This topic is suitable for students to learn in class by reviewing aspects in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). For STEM's activities, we used Yuenyong's Science-Technology-Society (STS) approach, and for data analysis, we used mixed methods, where quantitative methods to classify the data and qualitative methods to analyze student perspective. In this study, students are given lemons, limes, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, and cucumbers as fruit cells. Then all fruits are connected by coins, nails, cables, multimeters, and LED lamps. The results obtained by students is conventional batteries cells can be replaced by fruit cells. All fruit cells that we used like cucumber, apples, tomatoes, limes, lemons, and potatoes are capable of producing electrical voltage. Cucumbers and tomatoes produce the higher electrical voltage (5,0 volts & 3.0 volts) but have a dim LED's light, while potatoes, lemons, limes, and apples produce the lower electrical voltage (1.35 volts, 2.0 volts, 2.2 volts, and 3.4 volts) but have bright LED lights.

It was intended to reveal the time dependent power generation under different loads for two different solar panels under the conditions of Bursa province in between August 19 and 25, 2014. The testing sets include solar panels, inverter, multimeter, accumulator, regulator, pyranometer, pyrheliometer, temperature sensor, and datalogger. The efficiency of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels was calculated depending on the climatic data’s measurements. As the result of the study, the average performances of monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are 42.06 and 39.80 Wh, respectively. It was seen that 87.14 W instantaneous power could be obtained from monocrystalline solar panel and that 80.17 W instantaneous power could be obtained from polycrystalline solar panel under maximum total radiation (1001.13 W/m2). Within this frame, it was determined that monocrystalline solar panel is able to operate more efficiently under the conditions of Bursa compared to polycrystalline solar panel. When the multivariate correlations coefficients were examined statistically, a significant relationship in positive direction was detected between total and direct radiation and ambient temperature on energy generation from monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel.