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Why did American leaders work hard to secure multilateral approval from the United Nations or NATO for military interventions in Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo, while making only limited efforts to gain such approval for the 2003 Iraq War? InReassuring the Reluctant Warriors, Stefano Recchia draws on declassified documents and about one hundred interviews with civilian and military leaders to illuminate little-known aspects of U.S. decision making in the run-up to those interventions. American leaders, he argues, seek UN or NATO approval to facilitate sustained military and financial burden sharing and ensure domestic support. However, the most assertive, hawkish, and influential civilian leaders in Washington tend to downplay the costs of intervention, and when confronted with hesitant international partners they often want to bypass multilateral bodies. In these circumstances, America's senior generals and admirals-as reluctant warriors who worry about Vietnam-style quagmires-can play an important restraining role, steering U.S. policy toward multilateralism. Senior military officers are well placed to debunk the civilian interventionists' optimistic assumptions regarding the costs of war, thereby undermining broader governmental support for intervention. Recchia demonstrates that when the military expresses strong concerns about the stabilization burden, even hawkish civilian leaders can be expected to work hard to secure multilateral support through the UN or NATO-if only to reassure the reluctant warriors about long-term burden sharing. By contrast, when the military stays silent, as it did in the run-up to the 2003 Iraq War, the most hawkish civilians are empowered; consequently, the United States is more likely to bypass multilateral bodies and may end up shouldering a heavy stabilization burden largely by itself. Recchia's argument that the military has the ability to contribute not only to a more prudent but also to a more multilateralist U.S. intervention policy may be counterintuitive, but the evidence is compelling.

This book examines the role of multiethnic armies in post-conflict reconstruction, and demonstrates how they can promote peacebuilding efforts. The author challenges the assumption that multiethnic composition leads to weakness of the military, and shows how a multiethnic army is frequently the impetus for peacemaking in multiethnic societies. Three case studies (Nigeria, Lebanon and Bosnia-Herzegovina) determine that rather than external factors, it is the internal structures that make or break the military institution in a socially challenging environment. The book finds that where the political will is present, the multiethnic military can become a symbol of reconciliation and coexistence. Furthermore, it shows that the military as a professional identity can supersede ethnic considerations and thus facilitates cooperation within the armed forces despite a hostile post-conflict setting. In this, the book challenges widespread theories about ethnic identities and puts professional identities on an equal footing with them. The book will be of great interest to students of military studies, ethnic conflict, conflict studies and peacebuilding, and IR in general Florence Gaub is a Researcher and Lecturer at the NATO Defence College in Rome. She holds a PhD in International Politics from Humboldt University, Berlin. Introduction 1. The Armed Forces as a Social Agent 2. Case Study Nigerian Army: From Colonial to Political 3. Case Study Lebanese Armed Forces: From Powerlessness to Integration? 4. Case Study Armies of Bosnia-Herzegovina: A State in Transit 5. Military Integration after Civil War: An Assessment. Conclusion Florence Gaub is a Researcher and Lecturer at the NATO Defence College in Rome. She holds a PhD in International Politics from Humboldt University, Berlin.

Ongoing operations and emerging mission requirements place a heavy burden on Army resources, resulting in capability gaps that the Army is unable to fill by itself. One solution is to build the appropriate capabilities in allies and partner armies through focused security cooperation. To do this, Army planners need a more comprehensive understanding of the capability gaps and a process for matching those gaps with candidate partner armies.

When NATO took charge of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) for Afghanistan in 2003, ISAF conceptualized its mission largely as a stabilization and reconstruction deployment. However, as the campaign has evolved and the insurgency has proved to more resistant and capable, key operational imperatives have emerged, including military support to the civilian development effort, closer partnering with Afghan security forces, and greater military restraint. All participating militaries have adapted, to varying extents, to these campaign imperatives and pressures. This book analyzes these initiatives and their outcomes by focusing on the experiences of three groups of militaries: those of Britain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the US, which have faced the most intense operational and strategic pressures; Germany, who's troops have faced the greatest political and cultural constraints; and the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Taliban, who have been forced to adapt to a very different sets of circumstances.

Nations with legal environments that allow indigenous entrepreneurs to create legal businesses are more likely to be peaceful and prosperous nations. In addition to focusing on the role of multinational corporations, those interested in creating peace through commerce should focus on promoting legal environments that allow indigenous entrepreneurs to create peace and prosperity. In order to illustrate the relationship between improved legal environments and conflict reduction, this article describes a case study in which increased economic freedom led to reduced violence in Northern Ireland between 1975 and 2000.

This report examines how Joint Task Force-Haiti (JTF-Haiti) supported the humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts in Haiti. It focuses on how JTF-Haiti was organized, how it conducted Operation Unified Response, and how the U.S. Army supported that effort. The analysis includes a review of existing authorities and organizations and explains how JTF-Haiti fit into the U.S. whole-of-government approach and the international response.

Julia specializes in implementing green real estate solutions for her clients and is the first Real Estate Professional in San Francisco to have been awarded the LEED-Accredited Professional designation from the U.S. Green Building Council certifying her expertise in sustainable commercial real estate projects.

Books reviewed in this article: International law and organization International organizations as law-makers. By Jose E. Alvarez International human rights lexicon. By Susan Marks and Andrew Clapham America's failing empire: US foreign relations since the Cold War. By Warren I. Cohen Conflict, security and armed forces The new wars. By Herfried Munkler The new western way of war. By Martin Shaw Critical security studies and world politics. Edited by Ken Booth Politics, democracy and social affairs Gulliver unbound: America's imperial temptation and the war in Iraq. By Stanley Hoffman and Frederic Bozo The limits of global governance. By Jim Whitman Une societe internationale en mutation: quels acteurs pour une nouvelle gouvernance? Edited by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Rostane Mehdi First democracy: the challenge of an ancient idea. By Paul Woodruff The opportunity: America's moment to alter history's course. By Richard N. Haass Setting the people free: the story of democracy. By John Dunn Ethnicity and cultural politics Landscapes of the jihad: militancy, morality, modernity. By Faisal Devji Globalization and the Muslim world: culture, religion, and modernity. Edited by Birgit Schaebler and Leif Stenberg Foreign territory: the internationalization of EU asylum policy. By Oxfam Political economy, economics and development Local players in global games: the strategic constitution of a multinational corporation. By Peer Hull Kristensen and Jonathan Zeitlin Multinationals and global capitalism: from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century Leviathans: multinational corporations and the new global history. Edited by Alfred D. Chandler, Jr and Bruce Mazlish The new masters of capital: American bond rating agencies and the politics of creditworthiness. By Timothy J. Sinclair Labour in a global world: case studies from the white goods industry in Africa, South America, East Asia and Europe. By Theo Nichols and Surhan Cam Energy and environment The new accountability: environmental responsibility across borders. By Michael R. Mason History Poisoned peace: 1945 the war that never ended. By Gregor Dallas Britain, the Six-day War and its aftermath. By Frank Brenchley In the midst of events: the Foreign Office diaries and papers of Kenneth Younger, February 1950-October 1951. By Geoffrey Warner The Nixon administration and the death of Allende's Chile: a case of assisted suicide. By Jonathan Haslam Michael of Romania: the king and the country. By Ivor Porter Europe The enlargement of the European Union and NATO: ordering from the menu in Central Europe. By Wade Jacoby International relations and the European Union. Edited by Christopher Hill and Michael Smith The politics of exclusion: institutions and immigration policy in contemporary Germany. By Simon Green Europe and the recognition of new states in Yugoslavia. By Richard Caplan Russia and Eurasia Kazakhstan: power and the elite. By Sally N. Cummings Radical Islam in Central Asia: between pen and rifle. By Vitaly V. Naumkin Sub-Saharan Africa Darfur: the ambiguous genocide. By Gerard Prunier Darfur: a short history of a long war. By Julie Flint and Alex de Waal Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa. By Daniel Posner Civil militia: Africa's intractable security menace? Edited by David J. Francis The African Union: pan-Africanism, peacebuilding and development. By Timothy Murithi Politics in francophone Africa. By Victor T. Le Vine Asia and Pacific America's miracle man in Vietnam. By Seth Jacobs North America Addicted to oil: America's relentless drive for energy security. By Ian Rutledge America: sovereign defender or cowboy nation? Edited by Vladimir Shlapentokh, Joshua Woods and Eric Shiraev Devastating society: the neo-conservative assault on democracy and justice. Edited by Bernd Hamm Latin America and Caribbean The third wave of Latin American democratization: advances and setbacks. Edited by Frances Hagopian and Scott P. Mainwaring Institutional reforms: the case of Colombia. Edited by Alberto Alesina Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian revolution. By Richard Gott [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]