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Aspiring counselor educators in Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP)-accredited programs must learn to be counselors, teachers, supervisors, researchers, and leaders. These roles can overlap, creating multiple complex relationships during their programs. To examine these roles, we conducted a constructivist grounded theory investigation of how counselor education doctoral students (n = 9) balanced multiple roles and relationships and boundary crossings. We utilized chain referral sampling and continued until we reached theoretical saturation. We used semi-structured interviews conducted via videoconferencing (Zoom) for data collection and coded the interviews using two main phases: an initial phase and a focused coding phase. We used member checks by sending participants preliminary findings for feedback. The resulting theory describes two distinct stakeholders in the management of the multiple roles and relationships in counselor education: the students and the program. Students were responsible for balancing roles and responsibilities while considering professional growth, ethics, and boundary setting. The program was responsible for providing a growth-fostering environment and mentorship. Ultimately, the process of navigating multiple roles and relationships (MRRs) involves early discussion of MRRs, intentionality of program placement, assistance with boundaries and ethical decisions, and exposure to remediation and gatekeeping.

Recognition of sexual and gender diversity in the 21st century challenges normative assumptions of intimacy that privilege heterosexual monogamy and the biological family unit, presume binary cisgender identities, essentialize binary sexual identities, and view sexual or romantic desire as necessary. We propose a queer paradigm to study relationship diversity grounded in seven axioms: intimacy may occur (1) within relationships featuring any combination of cisgender, transgender, or nonbinary identities; (2) with people of multiple gender identities across the life course; (3) in multiple relationships simultaneously with consent; (4) within relationships characterized by consensual asymmetry, power exchange, or role-play; (5) in the absence or limited experience of sexual or romantic desire; (6) in the context of a chosen rather than biological family; and (7) in other possible forms yet unknown. We review research on queer relational forms, including same-sex relationships; relationships in which one or more partners identify as transgender, gender nonbinary, bisexual, pansexual, sexually fluid, \"mostly\" straight, asexual, or aromantic; polyamory and other forms of consensual nonmonogamy; kink/fetish relationships; and chosen families. We argue that a queer paradigm shifts the dominant scientific conception of relationships away from the confines of normativity toward an embrace of diversity, fluidity, and possibility.

This paper advances stakeholder salience theory from the viewpoint of small businesses. It is argued that the stakeholder salience process for small businesses is influenced by their local embeddedness, captured by the idea of social proximity, and characterised by multiple relationships that the owner-manager and stakeholders share beyond the business context. It is further stated that the ethics of care is a valuable ethical lens through which to understand social proximity in small businesses. The contribution of the study conceptualises how the perceived social proximity between local stakeholders and small business owner-managers influences managerial considerations of the legitimacy, power and urgency of stakeholders and their claims. Specifically, the paradoxical nature of close relationships in the salience process is acknowledged and-discussed.

Strategic leadership research in the field of international business (IB) explains how the actions and outcomes of multinational enterprises (MNE) vary with the attributes and interactions of their key decision-makers, i.e., their strategic leaders. Yet, while the importance of strategic leadership has gained momentum in IB, we lack a systematic understanding of the roles that strategic leaders enact in the MNE context. This omission is critical, as understanding the distinctive roles of IB decision-makers is a key prerequisite for establishing uniqueness in this emerging research field. In this study, we elaborate on the theoretical foundations of five IB strategic leadership roles and outline how the MNE context fundamentally shapes their uniqueness. Our perspective presents each of the five roles as distinctly shaped by two core microfoundational processes – bounded rationality and bounded reliability – which intensify the challenges facing MNE strategic leaders in their role enactment. Acknowledging that IB strategic leaders perform multiple roles simultaneously and interdependently, we conclude with an overall synthesis and guide for future research that moves toward a multirole and multilevel understanding of IB strategic leadership.

Background Informal caregivers (care partners) are people, such as family members, who provide care to those who cannot care for themselves, including people with dementia (PwD). Care partners assist PwD in their daily occupations, often without training or guidance from healthcare professionals. Informal care partners typically balance multiple roles, such as caregiver, parent, spouse, and worker, which can become increasingly difficult as the disease progresses. Caring for PwD profoundly impacts care partners and can present a range of emotional, physical, financial, and occupational challenges. Occupational therapy (OT) has an important role to play in the care of PwD. However, when treating PwD, if clinicians do not operate from a dyadic model, the needs of the care partners may be overlooked. Although addressing both components of the care partner dyad is important to the delivery of OT services, the role of OT in the care of informal caregivers of PwD is not well articulated in the OT literature, which makes it difficult for OT practitioners to fill this role. As such, conveying the role of OT in the care of care partners can improve the delivery of OT services to PwD. Methods Walker and Avant's eight‐step approach to conduct a concept analysis was used to assess and clarify the role of OT in the care of informal caregivers of PwD. Results The literature on OT with caregivers of PwD was reviewed, which yielded data on the OT treatment of the care partner dyad. Informed by these findings, and the OT practice framework, the defining attributes of the role of OT in the care of informal caregiver of PwD were determined. The model of human occupation was used to frame a model case. A contrary case was described, as well as the attributes of OT that frame its role in caring for the care partner dyad of PwD. Conclusions The role of OT with informal caregivers of PwD is to identify barriers to participation and challenges to effective occupational performance, and to implement interventions to enable participation and enhance performance. By addressing the care partner dyad, better OT services can be provided.

Objective In this study, we examined the bidirectional association between fathers' work satisfaction and children's socioemotional skills from T1 (age 2) to T2 (age 4–5) and the mediating role of fathers' parenting. Background For many parents, balancing family and work roles can be challenging, particularly for fathers who are now expected to be both “ideal workers” and “involved fathers.” With multiple roles, fathers' experiences at work and in the family may have a mutual influence on each other. Method This study used structural equation modeling on secondary data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, to examine the associations and mediation mechanisms. Results Results indicate a positive association between fathers' work satisfaction at T1 and children's socioemotional skills at T2 through fathers' higher self‐efficacy and lower parenting stress. Additionally, there was a positive association between children's socioemotional skills at T1 and fathers' work satisfaction at T2 through fathers' higher responsibility and lower parenting stress. Conclusion Findings provide support for the spillover theory regarding the mutual influence of fathers' work‐related experiences and children's development. Implications To help parents balance the demands of work and family, effective parenting education programs and supportive or person‐centered workplace policies are both essential.

PurposeThis paper analyzes the ways in which accounting enables operations managers to enter and perform multiple roles in their interplay with organizational groups on the shop floor and in management, and the associated negotiations that operations managers have with “the self.”Design/methodology/approachUsing field-based studies in a mining organization, the study draws on Goffman’s backstage–frontstage metaphor to analyze how operations managers enter and perform several roles with the aid of accounting.FindingsThe findings show that accounting legitimizes operations managers when they cross organizational boundaries, as accounting gives them an “entry ticket” that legitimizes their presence with the group. Accounting further allows operations managers to embrace more than one role by “putting on a mask” to become an outsider or insider in relation to a group. In performing their roles, operations managers exhibit varying attributes and knowledge. Accounting can thereby be withheld from, or shared with, organizational groups. The illusion of accounting as deterministic presented frontstage is not necessarily negotiated that way backstage. Rather, alternatives discussed backstage often become silenced in the frontstage performance. The study concludes that operations managers cross boundaries, embrace roles and exert agency as they navigate with accounting, enrolling it into their performance simultaneously as they backstage reflect upon accounting and its role for their everyday work.Originality/valueThis study relies on the frontstage/backstage metaphor to visualize the discrepancies in how accounting is enrolled into role performances and how seemingly categorical fronts do not necessarily share that dominant position backstage.

Background Caregivers are typically a mainstay of help with activities of daily living when older adults experience health concerns, but some caregivers also serve as confidants for discussing private matters. A burgeoning literature has revealed the health benefits of having at least one caregiver who also is a confidant. It remains unclear, however, who those caregivers are and how serving additional confidant roles is associated with their psychological well‐being. The current study addressed these gaps and, considering the unique experience of dementia caregiving, compared between dementia and nondementia caregivers. Method We used the 2017 survey data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study and the supplemental National Study of Caregiving. Participants included 2,652 caregivers (Mage = 61.61 years old; 916 dementia caregivers, 1,736 non‐dementia caregivers) of 1,697 older adults aged 65+ (i.e., care recipients). Care recipients nominated up to five confidants with whom they “talked most often about important things.” Caregivers reported their own demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education, health, positive and negative relationship quality, relationship type) and psychological well‐being (e.g., feeling cheerful, calm, full of life). We conducted two‐level models as caregivers were nested within care recipients. Result Caregivers who were older, female, healthier, spouses or children, and reported more positive as well as more negative relationships with care recipients were more likely to be identified as confidants. Post‐hoc pairwise comparisons further revealed that spousal caregivers were mostly likely also confidants, followed by adult child caregivers, and then other types of caregivers. These associations remained the same for both dementia and nondementia caregivers. Caregivers who were confidants reported better psychological well‐being than those who were not, but this association varied by dementia caregiving status and was only evident among non‐dementia caregivers (see Figure 1). Conclusion This study extends prior work by revealing how serving multiple roles affects caregivers’ psychological well‐being and corroborating differences between dementia and nondementia caregiving. More research is needed to better understand the unique stressors dementia caregivers may be exposed to when serving as confidants for their care recipients, and interventions should be customized to allocate targeted resources to caregivers faced with different demands.

Refugee history at present lacks a conceptual framework, notwithstanding the proliferation of recent contributions that contribute to enlarging the field. Our article seeks to advance refugee history by drawing upon extensive research into historical case studies and proposing the framework of refugeedom. Refugeedom takes proper account of the states and other actors that defined the ‘refugee’ as a category and sought to manage refugees as figures of concern, but it also insists upon the need to consider refugees as an active and assertive historical presence in situations of crisis and constraint. It offers a promising approach for analysing episodes and sites of mass population displacement from the perspectives of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Crucially, refugeedom incorporates the experiences of refugees and how they narrated displacement. Finally, the article outlines a direction for global history by drawing attention to past episodes of displacement in ways that capture not only its global scale, but also the multiple relationships and practices of refugeedom.

This paper investigates the impact of street network connectivity on pedestrian volume. Street network connectivity measured in most current studies captures only the metric characteristics of streets or physical connectivity. A whole different type of connectivity, visual connectivity, is largely ignored. Described in basic terms, higher physical connectivity means shorter travel time to reach the same number of destinations while higher visual connectivity means fewer turns to see the same number of destinations. Despite the correlation of these two connectivity constructs, studying both physical and visual connectivity is essential to better understand the role of street network on pedestrian activity. Using pedestrian counts of 302 street segments in Buffalo, New York, structural equation modelling highlights the multiple relationships between street network connectivity, built environment characteristics, and pedestrian volumes. Our findings suggest that both the conventional metric-based measure of physical connectivity and geometric-based measure of visual connectivity have significant positive impacts on pedestrian volumes, together with job density and land use mix. This outcome can encourage practitioners to pay attention to both the geometry of street network and its metric characteristics in order to create a pedestrian-friendly environment.