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Accident Tolerant Fuels (ATF) have emerged as a promising solution to improve safety during reactor accidents by enhancing fuel performance in light water reactors (LWRs). This paper investigates the performance of different ATF concepts, including Chromium-coated Zircaloy (CrZry), advanced steel (FeCrAl), and Silicon Carbide (SiC) as cladding materials, paired with Uranium Dioxide (UO 2 ), Uranium Silicide (U 3 Si 2 ), and Uranium Nitride (UN) fuels, under spectrum shift regulation conditions in a VVER-S reactor. Using the GETERA program, a series of calculations were conducted to compare multiplying factors and isotopic concentrations under spectrum-shifted conditions. The results demonstrate significant differences in fuel cycle characteristics and isotopic behavior, with SiC emerging as the optimal cladding material for maximizing neutron economy and minimizing parasitic absorption.

The ever-increasing demand for electrical power necessitates the continuous enhancement of power system reliability and stability. In this context, determining the maximum loadability limit of different nodes of power network maintaining stability of the system is a critical aspect of power system planning and operation. This study presents a mathematical model-based novel approach that calculates the maximum loadability limit of multiple nodes in a power network while considering voltage security constraints. The proposed method integrates advanced load flow analysis techniques with voltage security assessments to identify critical loading of different points of the network at which voltage stability limits are reached at weakest nodes. Considering voltage security constraints, the algorithm offers a more accurate representation of the power system's operational capabilities. Through comprehensive simulations on various test systems (33-bus RDS and 118-bus RDS), the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed load flow algorithm are demonstrated. The results illustrate its ability to determine the maximum loadability limit across multiple nodes while ensuring voltage stability, thus aiding power system operators and planners to take informed decisions to enhance the reliability and resilience of modern electrical grids. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to optimize power system operation, ultimately fostering a more sustainable and secure energy future.

By introducing the distribution probability of structural units in austenite containing alloying elements and considering its effects on phase transformation, this paper establishes a calculation model of distribution probability of structural units. A new valence electron structure (VES) parameter-transformation effect coefficient of alloying elements (HL), is defined and then studied both theoretically and experimentally. The relationship between the parameter HL and the multiplying factor (the quenching capability factor) of alloying elements is studied. The results indicate that the two parameters (HL and the quenching capability factor) have the same variation characteristic and substance feature. Therefore, the multiplying factor virtually expresses the relative quantity of structural units in the alloying elements-containing austenite.

SUMMARY The problem of deciding whether two sets of fragments have come from a common source frequently arises in forensic science. This paper provides a solution in the realistic case where the distribution is nonnormal. The normal case is also discussed because it is there easier to understand the nature of the solution and, in particular, its relationship to significance tests. The solution requires the distribution function of the product of standardized normal quantities which is tabulated in the appendix.

Simple analytical dependences of the integral parameters, i.e., the effective multiplication factor and prompt neutron multiplication constant, on the size, density, and gap between the parts of the multiplying system have been considered. The results of calculations using formulas are compared with those obtained by the Monte Carlo method for spheres and cylinders made of 235 U.

This research paper presents a novel high bit rate and spectral efficient 20 Gb/s mode division multiplexed (MDM) radio over free space optical communication (MDM-RoFSO) system. 10 Gb/s MZM/QAM-16-modulated data streams, each from two distinct channels, are transported over two spiral-phased Hermite–Gaussian (HG) laser modes, HG00 and HG01, respectively. These two HG channels are multiplexed using MDM at a 10 GHz RF signal, amplified and transmitted over the atmospheric link at an optical wavelength of 1550 nm. The proposed MDM-RoFSO system is simulated for MZM modulation over two distinct HG modes in clear sky, dense haze, dense fog, and strong rain weather conditions. The performance of the system is evaluated using performance metrics such as BER, eye diagram, Q factor, and link transmission range. The simulation results show that the HG00 mode is more robust and the extended transmission range is achieved from (7 to 24.4) km for (24.4 to 2.98) Q factor for clear sky to strong rain conditions. This transmission range is further extended by the factor of (2.9 to 1.7) km when the QAM-16 modulation is incorporated in composite (HG00 + HG01) mode and then transmitted in similar weather conditions for the acceptable BER of < 10 –5 . Finally, the simulation results confirm that the QAM-16 modulated composite HG mode is able to mitigate the atmospheric weather conditions and travel a longer transmission distance compared to individual HG mode transmission.

A new constant twiddle factor multiplier sharing method in parallel pipelined fast Fourier transform (FFT) processors based on a multi-path delay feedback architecture which consists of multiple single-path delay feedback datapaths is presented. The proposed method exploits constant twiddle factor multiplier relocation which moves a constant twiddle factor multiplier into a feedback path based on twiddle factor decomposition. By relocating a twiddle factor multiplier, the timing of twiddle factor multiplications is changed so that the multiplications with a twiddle factor are performed at different clock cycles in two datapaths, which makes it possible that the two datapaths share a multiplier operating with the twiddle factor. A reduction of 50% in the number of constant twiddle factor multipliers in the first two stages of a 128-point four-parallel pipelined FFT processor is achieved using the proposed method.

Proposed is a low-complexity twiddle factor multiplication structure for fast Fourier transform (FFT). In an FFT implementation, the twiddle factor multiplication requires a large ROM to store the twiddle factors. In the proposed structure, the ROM is partitioned into two small ROMs, whose sum of areas is much smaller than that of the original ROM. The proposed structure requires an additional multiplier, but the multiplier is shown to be small in the experimental results. The results show that the proposed structure reduces the area of the twiddle factor multiplication by around 30% with a marginal degradation in SQNR performance.