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"Musa"
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N sub(2)O emissions from banana plantations in tropical China as affected by the application rates of urea and a urease/nitrification inhibitor
In this study, we quantified N sub(2)O fluxes from banana plantations in China using a field experiment as well as static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. We utilized five levels of urea treatments, including CK (no urea addition); urea addition at a rate of 312 (U1), 415 (U2), 519 (U3), and 623 kg N ha super(-1) (U4); and a combination of urea (U3) and urease (NBPT) and nitrification (DCD) inhibitor (U3 + I) treatments. Soil temperature, moisture, and the concentrations of NH sub(4) super(+) and NO sub(3) super(-) have been monitored throughout the study. Compared to CK (11.8 mu g m super(-2) h super(-1) and 14.2 t ha super(-1), respectively), urea addition significantly increased N sub(2)O emission fluxes and banana yields (88.2-177 mu g m super(-2) h super(-1) and 19.4-25.0 t ha super(-1), respectively). The stimulation effect of urea on N sub(2)O emissions was significantly higher than its effect on banana yield. N sub(2)O emission occurred in pulses during banana cultivation due to repeated topdressing. The cumulative N sub(2)O emissions and N sub(2)O emission factor of urea applied in banana plantations were estimated to be 6.39-12.8 kg N ha super(-1) and 1.46-2.31 %, respectively. Notably, N sub(2)O emissions were significantly positively correlated with urea application rate, temperature, and NH sub(4) super(+) levels, suggesting that temperature and NH sub(4) super(+) availability are the most important factors controlling N sub(2)O emissions in tropical banana plantations. Combined NBPT and DCD treatment greatly reduced N sub(2)O emissions (by 65.4 %) and increased banana yields (by 4.5 %).
Journal Article
Detection and quantification of chlordecone in contaminated soils from the French West Indies by GC-MS using the super(13)C sub(10)-chlordecone stable isotope as a tracer
Chlordecone is an organochlorine insecticide that has been widely used to control banana weevil in the French West Indies. As a result of this intense use, up to 20,000 ha are contaminated by this insecticide in the French West Indies, and this causes environmental damage and health problems. A scenario of exposure was drawn by French authorities, based on land usage records. Many efforts have been made to monitor the occurrence of chlordecone and its main metabolites using different analytical methods, including GC, GC/MS, LC/MS, and NIRS. Although these different methods allow for the detection and quantification of chlordecone from soils, none of them estimate the bottleneck caused by extraction of this organochlorine from soils with high adsorption ability. In this study, we used super(13)C sub(10)-chlordecone as a tracer to estimate chlordecone extraction yield and to quantify chlordecone in soil extracts based on the super(13)C/ super(12)C isotope dilution. We report the optimization of super(13)C sub(10)-chlordecone extraction from an Andosol. The method was found to be linear from 0.118 to 43 mg kg super(-1) in the Andosol, with an instrumental detection limit estimated at 8.84 mu g kg super(-1) . This method showed that chlordecone ranged from 35.4 down to 0.18 mg kg super(-1) in Andosol, Nitisol, Ferralsol, and Fluvisol soil types. Traces of the metabolite beta -monohydrochlordecone were detected in the Andosol, Nitisol, and Ferralsol soil samples. This last result indicates that this method could be useful to monitor the fate of chlordecone in soils of the French West Indies.
Journal Article
Mansa Musa : the most famous African traveler to Mecca
From Mali to Cairo to Mecca and beyond, Mansa Musa was known as the Lion of Mali. Now remembered as the richest person in history, his enormous wealth, legendary generosity, and lavish pilgrimage from Mali to Mecca made him a favorite of medieval Arab storytellers. However, the 14th-century leader also presided over one of the largest empires in the world during his time. This informative biography traces Mansa Musa s life, following his magnificent caravan as he traversed what remained of the Silk Road routes to become a hajji and returned to transform Timbuktu into western Africa s most famous cultural center. Bibliography, Detailed Table of Contents, Full-Color Photographs, Further Information Section, Glossary, Illustrations, Primary Sources, Sidebars, Timelines, Websites.
Book
The description, distribution and habitat of wild banana species in northern Viet Nam
Northern Viet Nam displays a remarkable diversity of wild bananas (
Musa
L.)
,
including the species from which the majority of cultivated bananas derive. The taxonomy and exact distribution of these wild bananas are however not well known, limiting their conservation and use. In the present study, we describe the morphology, ecology, and phytogeography of the 6
Musa
species that were collected between 2016 and 2019 in northern Viet Nam:
Musa acuminata
Colla,
M. balbisiana
Colla,
M. itinerans
Cheesman,
M. haekkinenii
N.S.Ly & Haev,
M. lutea
R.V.Valmayor, L.D.Danh and Hakkinen and
M. paracoccinea
A.Z.Liu and D.Z.Li:. Of these,
M. itinerans
was the species with the most widespread distribution range, occurring as large mats in various habitats between 136 and 1331 m, whereas
M. acuminata
was found between 136 and 989 m and
M. balbisiana
was between 108 and 981 m. Furthermore,
M. lutea, M. paracoccinea
and
M. haekkinenii
were distributed in open areas with low competition for light, between 80 and 800 m. These latter three species have the potential to become ornamental plants, being characterized by bright and colourful upright inflorescences. The data presented here will help in providing a valuable contribution to the conservation and use of the wild bananas in northern Viet Nam.
Journal Article
Banana ethylene response factors are involved in fruit ripening through their interactions with ethylene biosynthesis genes
The involvement of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor (TF) in the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes during fruit ripening remains largely unclear. In this study, 15 ERF genes, designated as MaERF1–MaERF15, were isolated and characterized from banana fruit. These MaERFs were classified into seven of the 12 known ERF families. Subcellular localization showed that MaERF proteins of five different subfamilies preferentially localized to the nucleus. The 15 MaERF genes displayed differential expression patterns and levels in peel and pulp of banana fruit, in association with four different ripening treatments caused by natural, ethylene-induced, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-delayed, and combined 1-MCP and ethylene treatments. MaERF9 was upregulated while MaERF11 was downregulated in peel and pulp of banana fruit during ripening or after treatment with ethylene. Furthermore, yeast-one hybrid (Y1H) and transient expression assays showed that the potential repressor MaERF11 bound to MaACS1 and MaACO1 promoters to suppress their activities and that MaERF9 activated MaACO1 promoter activity. Interestingly, protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that MaERF9 and -11 physically interacted with MaACO1. Taken together, these results suggest that MaERFs are involved in banana fruit ripening via transcriptional regulation of or interaction with ethylene biosynthesis genes.
Journal Article
A Genome-Wide Association Study on the Seedless Phenotype in Banana (Musa spp.) Reveals the Potential of a Selected Panel to Detect Candidate Genes in a Vegetatively Propagated Crop
Banana (Musa sp.) is a vegetatively propagated, low fertility, potentially hybrid and polyploid crop. These qualities make the breeding and targeted genetic improvement of this crop a difficult and long process. The Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) approach is becoming widely used in crop plants and has proven efficient to detecting candidate genes for traits of interest, especially in cereals. GWAS has not been applied yet to a vegetatively propagated crop. However, successful GWAS in banana would considerably help unravel the genomic basis of traits of interest and therefore speed up this crop improvement. We present here a dedicated panel of 105 accessions of banana, freely available upon request, and their corresponding GBS data. A set of 5,544 highly reliable markers revealed high levels of admixture in most accessions, except for a subset of 33 individuals from Papua. A GWAS on the seedless phenotype was then successfully applied to the panel. By applying the Mixed Linear Model corrected for both kinship and structure as implemented in TASSEL, we detected 13 candidate genomic regions in which we found a number of genes potentially linked with the seedless phenotype (i.e. parthenocarpy combined with female sterility). An additional GWAS performed on the unstructured Papuan subset composed of 33 accessions confirmed six of these regions as candidate. Out of both sets of analyses, one strong candidate gene for female sterility, a putative orthologous gene to Histidine Kinase CKI1, was identified. The results presented here confirmed the feasibility and potential of GWAS when applied to small sets of banana accessions, at least for traits underpinned by a few loci. As phenotyping in banana is extremely space and time-consuming, this latest finding is of particular importance in the context of banana improvement.
Journal Article
Banana Transcription Factor MaERF11 Recruits Histone Deacetylase MaHDA1 and Represses the Expression of MaACO1 and Expansins during Fruit Ripening
Phytohormone ethylene controls diverse developmental and physiological processes such as fruit ripening via modulation of ethylene signaling pathway. Our previous study identified that ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR11 (MaERF11), a transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway, negatively regulates the ripening of banana, but the mechanism for the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional regulation remains largely unknown. Here we showed that MaERF11 has intrinsic transcriptional repression activity in planta. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that MaERF11 binds to promoters of three ripening-related Expansin genes, MaEXP2, MaEXP7 and MaEXP8, as well as an ethylene biosynthetic gene MaACO1, via the GCC-box motif. Furthermore, expression patterns of MaACO1, MaEXP2, MaEXP7, and MaEXP8 genes are correlated with the changes of histone H3 and H4 acetylation level during fruit ripening. Moreover, we found that MaERF11 physically interacts with a histone deacetylase, MaHDA1, which has histone deacetylase activity, and the interaction significantly strengthens the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression of MaACO1 and Expansins. Taken together, these findings suggest that MaERF11 may recruit MaHDA1 to its target genes and repress their expression via histone deacetylation.
Journal Article
A novel approach to enhance resistance to vascular disease by expressing cell‐death‐inducing fungal elicitors in the xylem tissue
Summary
Constitutive expression of hypersensitive cell‐death‐inducing effectors secreted by pathogens has proved to be difficult in plants. Herein, xylem‐specific promoters (PVND7 or PVND2) were utilized to express three cell‐death‐inducing proteins (FocSIX1A, FocSIX6 or TvSm1) of fungal origin in banana plants. The regenerated plants were not only healthy but also showed improved resistance to fungal (Foc vcg0124 and Foc vcg0125) infection. These banana plants developed systemic resistance‐like symptoms, including elevated jasmonic acid content, callose depositions, increased xylem wall thickness and expression of several defence‐associated genes. Interestingly, expression of NAC105, a homologue of VND (vascular‐related NAC domain) transcription factor, was elevated in all these transgenic lines. Employing a novel positive‐feedback loop using VND genes, banana lines with thicker xylem walls devoid of any ectopic lignification were developed. Enhanced disease resistance of these lines against Foc strains, increased expression of defence genes, elevated jasmonic acid content and quantitative elevation of phenolic compounds provide evidence that elevation in xylem wall thickness does indeed contribute to systemic resistance by playing a crucial role in regulating immune responses. The current study demonstrates that (a) plants that express cell‐death‐inducing proteins in xylem can be regenerated, (b) these plants are healthy and show enhanced disease resistance and (c) a novel feedback loop involving vascular proteins, which specifically elevates xylem wall thickness without negatively affecting growth, exists in plants.
Journal Article