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ATRA influences the differentiation and fusion of myoblasts by regulating Raralpha/Pitx2, leading to abnormal development of the pelvic floor muscles in fetal rats
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is the most common congenital digestive tract anomaly in newborns, and children with ARM often have varying degrees of underdevelopment of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). To explore the effects of Rar[alpha] (NR1B1) and Pitx2 on the development of rat PFMs, we constructed a rat ARM animal model using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and verified the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the PFMs of fetal rats. Additionally, we used rat myoblasts (L6 cells) to investigate the regulatory roles of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation and their interactions. The results indicated a significant decrease in the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the PFMs of fetal rats with ARM. ATRA can also decrease the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the L6 cells, while affecting the differentiation and fusion of L6 cells. Knocking down Rar[alpha] in L6 cells reduced the expression of Pitx2, Myod1, Mymk, and decreased myogenic activity in L6 cells. When Rar[alpha] is activated, the decreased expression of Pitx2, Myod1, and Mymk and myogenic differentiation can be restored to different extents. At the same time, increasing or inhibiting the expression of Pitx2 can counteract the effects of knocking down Rar[alpha] and activating Rar[alpha] respectively. These results indicate that Pitx2 may be downstream of the transcription factor Rar[alpha], mediating the effects of ATRA on the development of fetal rat PFMs.
Journal Article
20 fun facts about the muscular system
\"Muscles do far more than help us lift heavy things off the ground. Muscles make the heart work well and move food through the stomach. They allow us to walk, swim, and even draw! In the fun fact file format, this book introduces readers to the most interesting aspects of the muscular system, including information from the science curriculum, through engaging and sometimes gross tidbits!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
ATRA influences the differentiation and fusion of myoblasts by regulating Raralpha/Pitx2, leading to abnormal development of the pelvic floor muscles
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is the most common congenital digestive tract anomaly in newborns, and children with ARM often have varying degrees of underdevelopment of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). To explore the effects of Rar[alpha] (NR1B1) and Pitx2 on the development of rat PFMs, we constructed a rat ARM animal model using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and verified the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the PFMs of fetal rats. Additionally, we used rat myoblasts (L6 cells) to investigate the regulatory roles of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation and their interactions. The results indicated a significant decrease in the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the PFMs of fetal rats with ARM. ATRA can also decrease the expression of Rar[alpha] and Pitx2 in the L6 cells, while affecting the differentiation and fusion of L6 cells. Knocking down Rar[alpha] in L6 cells reduced the expression of Pitx2, Myod1, Mymk, and decreased myogenic activity in L6 cells. When Rar[alpha] is activated, the decreased expression of Pitx2, Myod1, and Mymk and myogenic differentiation can be restored to different extents. At the same time, increasing or inhibiting the expression of Pitx2 can counteract the effects of knocking down Rar[alpha] and activating Rar[alpha] respectively. These results indicate that Pitx2 may be downstream of the transcription factor Rar[alpha], mediating the effects of ATRA on the development of fetal rat PFMs.
Journal Article
The concise book of muscles
\"This newly revised fourth edition of The Concise Book of Muscles is a comprehensive guide to the major muscle groups. Fully illustrated with more than 500 drawings, and easy to use, this compact reference provides a complete profile for each muscle, clearly showing its origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action, the movements that use it, and, where appropriate, exercises that stretch and strengthen it. The book's distinctive quick-reference format shows students exactly how to locate and identify specific muscles, highlighting those that are heavily used and therefore subject to injury in a variety of sports and activities. Each muscle chapter now includes an overview of the gross anatomy of the body area to show bony landmarks, cross-sections of muscle layers, and points of attachment as well as a quick reference table and an overview of the nerve pathways that are most relevant. The book also includes a new chapter on the pelvic floor muscles--of particular interest to those studying or practicing yoga and Pilates--as well as a 20\"x35\" detachable muscle wall chart. \"--Amazon.com.
Book
Correction: Early skeletal muscle loss and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients in the medical intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0338315.].
Journal Article
Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Jaw Motor Events during Sleep in Sleep Bruxism Patients: A Polysomnographic Evaluation
Study Objectives:
To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection on jaw motor episodes during sleep in patients with or without orofacial pain who did not respond to oral splint treatment.
Methods:
Twenty subjects with a clinical diagnosis of SB completed this study. Ten subjects received bilateral BoNT-A injections (25 U per muscle) into the masseter muscles only (group A), and the other 10 received the injections into both the masseter and temporalis muscles (group B). Video-polysomnographic (vPSG) recordings were made before and at 4 weeks after injection. Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) and orofacial activity (OFA) were scored and analyzed for several parameters (e.g., frequency of episodes, bursts per episode, episode duration). The peak amplitude of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the two muscles was also measured.
Results:
BoNT-A injection did not reduce the frequency, number of bursts, or duration for RMMA episodes in the two groups. The injection decreased the peak amplitude of EMG burst of RMMA episodes in the injected muscles (p < 0.001, repeated measure ANOVA) in both groups. At 4 weeks after injection, 9 subjects self-reported reduction of tooth grinding and 18 subjects self-reported reduction of morning jaw stiffness.
Conclusions:
A single BoNT-A injection is an effective strategy for controlling SB for at least a month. It reduces the intensity rather than the generation of the contraction in jaw-closing muscles. Future investigations on the efficacy and safety in larger samples over a longer follow-up period are needed before establishing management strategies for SB with BoNT–A.
Citation:
Shim YJ; Lee MK; Kato T; Park HU; Heo K; Kim ST. Effects of botulinum toxin on jaw motor events during sleep in sleep bruxism patients: a polysomnographic evaluation.
J Clin Sleep Med
2014;10(3):291–298.
Journal Article
In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial
Loss of mitochondrial function contributes to fatigue, exercise intolerance and muscle weakness, and is a key factor in the disability that develops with age and a wide variety of chronic disorders. Here, we describe the impact of a first-in-class cardiolipin-binding compound that is targeted to mitochondria and improves oxidative phosphorylation capacity (Elamipretide, ELAM) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Non-invasive magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy provided measures of mitochondrial capacity (ATPmax) with exercise and mitochondrial coupling (ATP supply per O2 uptake; P/O) at rest. The first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle was studied in 39 healthy older adult subjects (60 to 85 yrs of age; 46% female) who were enrolled based on the presence of poorly functioning mitochondria. We measured volitional fatigue resistance by force-time integral over repetitive muscle contractions.
A single ELAM dose elevated mitochondrial energetic capacity in vivo relative to placebo (ΔATPmax; P = 0.055, %ΔATPmax; P = 0.045) immediately after a 2-hour infusion. No difference was found on day 7 after treatment, which is consistent with the half-life of ELAM in human blood. No significant changes were found in resting muscle mitochondrial coupling. Despite the increase in ATPmax there was no significant effect of treatment on fatigue resistance in the FDI.
These results highlight that ELAM rapidly and reversibly elevates mitochondrial capacity after a single dose. This response represents the first demonstration of a pharmacological intervention that can reverse mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo immediately after treatment in aging human muscle.
Journal Article