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The concise book of muscles
\"This newly revised fourth edition of The Concise Book of Muscles is a comprehensive guide to the major muscle groups. Fully illustrated with more than 500 drawings, and easy to use, this compact reference provides a complete profile for each muscle, clearly showing its origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action, the movements that use it, and, where appropriate, exercises that stretch and strengthen it. The book's distinctive quick-reference format shows students exactly how to locate and identify specific muscles, highlighting those that are heavily used and therefore subject to injury in a variety of sports and activities. Each muscle chapter now includes an overview of the gross anatomy of the body area to show bony landmarks, cross-sections of muscle layers, and points of attachment as well as a quick reference table and an overview of the nerve pathways that are most relevant. The book also includes a new chapter on the pelvic floor muscles--of particular interest to those studying or practicing yoga and Pilates--as well as a 20\"x35\" detachable muscle wall chart. \"--Amazon.com.
Book
Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs
Domestication shaped wolves into dogs and transformed both their behavior and their anatomy. Here we show that, in only 33,000 y, domestication transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial communication with humans. Based on dissections of dog and wolf heads, we show that the levator anguli oculi medialis, a muscle responsible for raising the inner eyebrow intensely, is uniformly present in dogs but not in wolves. Behavioral data, collected from dogs and wolves, show that dogs produce the eyebrow movement significantly more often and with higher intensity than wolves do, with highest-intensity movements produced exclusively by dogs. Interestingly, this movement increases paedomorphism and resembles an expression that humans produce when sad, so its production in dogs may trigger a nurturing response in humans. We hypothesize that dogs with expressive eyebrows had a selection advantage and that “puppy dog eyes” are the result of selection based on humans’ preferences.
Journal Article
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: implications for injury prevention
BackgroundThe architectural and morphological adaptations of the hamstrings in response to training with different exercises have not been explored.PurposeTo evaluate changes in biceps femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following 10-weeks of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training.Methods30 recreationally active male athletes (age, 22.0±3.6 years; height, 180.4±7 cm; weight, 80.8±11.1 kg) were allocated to 1 of 3 groups: (1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10), or no training (control, CON) (n=10). BFLH fascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and after the intervention with a two-dimensional ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and after training via MRI.ResultsCompared with baseline, BFLH fascicles were lengthened in the NHE and HE groups at mid-training (d=1.12–1.39, p<0.001) and post-training (d=1.77–2.17, p<0.001) and these changes did not differ significantly between exercises (d=0.49–0.80, p=0.279–0.976). BFLH volume increased more for the HE than the NHE (d=1.03, p=0.037) and CON (d=2.24, p<0.001) groups. Compared with the CON group, both exercises induced significant increases in semitendinosus volume (d=2.16–2.50, ≤0.002) and these increases were not significantly different (d=0.69, p=0.239).ConclusionNHE and HE training both stimulate significant increases in BFLH fascicle length; however, HE training may be more effective for promoting hypertrophy in the BFLH.
Journal Article
Bodybuilding anatomy
Boasting 100 exercises and 104 variations, this new edition is the ultimate guide to gaining mass and sculpting your physique. It features step-by-step instruction and 141 full-color anatomical illustrations, including the most popular competitive poses, and recommendations to modify and individualize programming for specific needs.
Book
Association of paraspinal muscle water–fat MRI-based measurements with isometric strength measurements
ObjectivesChemical shift encoding-based water–fat MRI derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) of the paraspinal muscles has been emerging as a surrogate marker in subjects with sarcopenia, lower back pain, injuries and neuromuscular disorders. The present study investigates the performance of paraspinal muscle PDFF and cross-sectional area (CSA) in predicting isometric muscle strength.MethodsTwenty-six healthy subjects (57.7% women; age: 30 ± 6 years) underwent 3T axial MRI of the lumbar spine using a six-echo 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence for chemical shift encoding-based water–fat separation. Erector spinae and psoas muscles were segmented bilaterally from L2 level to L5 level to determine CSA and PDFF. Muscle flexion and extension maximum isometric torque values [Nm] at the back were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer.ResultsSignificant correlations between CSA and muscle strength measurements were observed for erector spinae muscle CSA (r = 0.40; p = 0.044) and psoas muscle CSA (r = 0.61; p = 0.001) with relative flexion strength. Erector spinae muscle PDFF correlated significantly with relative muscle strength (extension: r = -0.51; p = 0.008; flexion: r = -0.54; p = 0.005). Erector spinae muscle PDFF, but not CSA, remained a statistically significant (p < 0.05) predictor of relative extensor strength in multivariate regression models (R2adj = 0.34; p = 0.002).ConclusionsPDFF measurements improved the prediction of paraspinal muscle strength beyond CSA. Therefore, chemical shift encoding-based water–fat MRI may be used to detect subtle changes in the paraspinal muscle composition.Key Points• We investigated the association of paraspinal muscle fat fraction based on chemical shift encoding-based water–fat MRI with isometric strength measurements in healthy subjects.• Erector spinae muscle PDFF correlated significantly with relative muscle strength.• PDFF measurements improved prediction of paraspinal muscle strength beyond CSA.
Journal Article
The evaluation of lumbar paraspinal muscle quantity and quality using the Goutallier classification and lumbar indentation value
PurposeThe cross-sectional area and fat infiltration are accepted as standard parameters for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of muscle degeneration. However, they are time-consuming, which prevents them from being used in a clinical setting. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between lumbar muscle degeneration and spinal degenerative disorders, using lumbar indentation value (LIV) as quantitative and Goutallier classification as qualitative measures.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of kinematic magnetic resonance images (kMRI). Two-hundred and thirty patients with kMRIs taken in weight-bearing positions were selected randomly. The LIV and Goutallier classification were evaluated at L4–5. The correlation of these two parameters with patients’ age, gender, lumbar lordosis (LL), range of motion, disc degeneration, disc height, and Modic change were analyzed.ResultsThere was no significant trend of LIV among the different grades of Goutallier classification (p = 0.943). There was a significant increase in age with higher grades of Goutallier classification (p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no correlation between LIV and age (p = 0.799). The Goutallier classification positively correlated with LL (r = 0.377) and severe disc degeneration (r = 0.249). The LIV positively correlated with LL (r = 0.476) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (r = 0.184). Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.026), gender (p = 0.003), and LIV (p < 0.001) were significant predictors for patients with low LL (< 10°).ConclusionLumbar muscle quantity and quality showed specific correlation with age and spine disorders. Additionally, LL can be predicted by the muscle quantity, but not the quality. These time-saving evaluation tools potentially accelerate the study of lumbar muscles.Graphical abstractThese slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Journal Article
Anatomy & yoga : muscles in action
\"Combining science and tradition, this book explains the history of yoga--the classical texts and their traditions--50 classical yoga postures (asanas) as well as variations and adaptations for safe practice; proper breathing, including basic breathing exercises (pranayama); and the important yoga aspect of inner development. Along with clear and informative content, this book contains an anatomical and physiological description of the human body and relevant information about the energetic anatomy--in other words, an explanation of the human body and the chakras. For each asana, the precautions and the gained physical, psychological, and energetic benefits are listed. In addition, each asana is accompanied by images illustrating the exercise and anatomical drawings showing in detail the main muscles used in each posture\"-- Back cover.
Book
A proposal for a new classification of pes anserinus morphology
Purpose
The pes anserinus (PA) is characterized by high morphological diversity. As the semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons are routinely harvested for the reconstruction of other tendons, especially the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), it is of clinical importance. The presence of accessory bands within PA tendons can handicap the harvesting process. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to suggest a new morphological classification of the PA morphology.
Methods
Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 102 lower limbs (56 right, 46 left) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology and insertion of the PA (including accessory bands) were assessed, and morphometric measurements were taken.
Results
In all cases, the PA was present and composed of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus tendons. Six types of PA were distinguished based on the presence of accessory bands. The most common composed of monotendinous sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus—54 limbs (52.9%). Additionally, three types of insertion were noted (short, band-shaped and fan-shaped). The mean length between the insertion and the origin of the accessory bands to the fascia of the gastrocnemius muscle was 63.5 mm.
Conclusion
The morphology of the PA was highly variable. The gracilis and semitendinosus tendons often had accessory bands that would complicate the harvesting process. The planning of surgical procedures may be improved by our proposed classification.
Journal Article